1、Designation: C1242 15C1242 15aStandard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAttachment Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural building stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimalmaintenance
3、. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding is designed
4、 and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overvi
5、ew of currenttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of app
6、lications,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary
7、 to use this guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems a
8、nd discusses the design principles to be considered inselecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those designconsiderations.1.3 This guide pertains
9、to:1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to thebuilding structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall com
10、ponents with stone cladding preassembled before thesesupport systems are attached to the building structure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards gover
11、ning interfacingwork.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 o
12、n Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment Componentsand Systems.Current edition approved March 1, 2015July 15, 2015. Published April 2015September 2015. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20142015as C1242 14a.C1242 15. DOI: 10
13、.1520/C1242-14A.10.1520/C1242-15A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recom
14、mends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 This stand
15、ard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)2. Refere
16、nced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC406 Specification for Roofin
17、g SlateC482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement PasteC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing MaterialC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension Sto
18、ne2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.FIG. 1 Kerf AnchorC1242 15a2C616 Specification for Quartz-B
19、ased Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and SpacersC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC1115 Specification for Dense Elasto
20、meric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and AccessoriesC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifferenceC1354/C1354M Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension StoneC
21、1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint WidthC1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and FacadesC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE632 Practice
22、 for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and MaterialsFIG. 2 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG. 3 Adhesive Embedded Threaded AnchorC1242 15a33. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Spec
23、ific definitions used in the design process are listed in 7.4.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone claddingfor architectural structures.4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering
24、 design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchortype applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a buildings skin and shall be compatible with the beha
25、vior and performance ofother interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.FIG. 4 Point Loading PreventionFIG. 4 Point Loading Prevention (continued)C1242 15a44.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Gui
26、de to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guides recommendations. Allindustry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requireme
27、nts. If provisions of suchpublications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publications provisions if recommended by thestone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variab
28、ility of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should bedetermined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data whereapplicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in propert
29、ies over time shall be considered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.4.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establishappropriate testing require
30、ments, interpret tests, design and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabrication andinstallation.Aspecialist is a person that complements the capabilities of the project team by contributing specific expert experiencewith the use, selection, design, and installation of dimension stone.FI
31、G. 5 Disc AnchorFIG. 6 Combined AnchorC1242 15a54.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is suggested to achieve a reliable installation:4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to beconsidered or specified;4.4.1.2 Wh
32、ere the performance record of the specified systems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same facade;4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible than L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by se
33、ismic, hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or project specifications differ from this guide.5. Selection Considerations5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a
34、 stone material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those optionsbeing considered:5.1.1 Have the stone materials under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similar exposures?5.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems under consideration performed well on exist
35、ing buildings in similarexposures?5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its engagement into the stone affected by installation and handling procedures?5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the subframe, the anchors connection to the subframe, and the subframesconnections to the bu
36、ilding structure affected by differential movements?5.1.5 Do the physical characteristics of the stone measured by standard tests show the material has structural limitations? Whichphysical properties are important to the application, and which test methods measure those properties and their variabi
37、lity? Referto Table 2 for standard test methods and properties they measure.5.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not measured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-termdurability concerns? Other properties, including (but not limited to) resistance to chemical attack, we
38、ather-related strengthreduction, and dimensional changes, might be evaluated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under simulatedconditions.5.1.7 Does the project location or shape develop exceptional design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material requirehigher safety facto
39、rs than other stones not anticipated by statutory codes?5.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic sway,thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage, and their combined effects?5.1.9 Will contiguous facade elements such as wind
40、ows, other claddings, window supports, or window-washing and wallmaintenance provisions influence the stone cladding, its anchoring or subframe system?TABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteA C503DolomiteA C503Granite C615LimestoneB C568Marble (exterior)B C503Quart
41、z-BasedB C616QuartziteA C616Quartzitic SandstoneA C616SandstoneA C616SerpentineA C503Serpentine C1526Slate (roof) C406Slate (walls) C629TravertineA C1527A This stone type is a subclassification.B This stone type has subclassifications or grades.TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test MethodsMeasures ASTM Test
42、Methodliquid porosity and relative density C97combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C170primary tensile unit strength from bending C880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting backup structureC1201individ
43、ual anchor strength C1354/C1354Maccelerated production of service life E632C1242 15a65.1.10 Do the anchor or subframe systems penetrate waterproofing, facilitate internal moisture collection, or penetrate wallinsulation and cavity ventilation?5.1.11 Do the materials used resist corrosion, galvanic a
44、nd chemical reactions?5.2 The following general rules are helpful in the design of anchors and connections:5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.5.2.2 Make connections with the fewest components.5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in any particular project.5.2.4 Provi
45、de for adjustability in connections to accommodate tolerances in materials and construction.5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no more than two points of connection where possible.5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the craftsman.5.2.7 Design connection compone
46、nts and stone sinkages to avoid entrapping moisture.5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size, and boltinstallation procedure.5.3 Safety FactorsIn order to design an anchoring system, the variabilities of the material
47、s being considered should be knownand compensated. This is accomplished through the use of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the anchorage,and the backup structure.5.3.1 Table 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for stone cladding by stone type.These factors are recogniz
48、ed by industryspecialists and publications and are based upon past successful practice. These factors are based on a maximum coefficient ofvariation of 20 % when project samples are tested in accordance with Test Methods C99 or C880 for sedimentary stones inthicknesses of 2 in. (50 mm) or greater. S
49、afety factors could be changed when conditions listed under 5.3.2 or 5.3.3 exist in theproject.5.3.2 Exemplar Availability: A safety factor could be modified if the long-term performance of the stone material, anchor andbackup system cannot be verified by well-performing exemplars. Consult a stone specialist as defined in 4.4 for the appropriatechange in safety factor.5.3.3 Structural Variables: Asafety factor could be modified if specific conditions exist on the project different from those uponwhich Table 3 values are based. Consult a stone specialist as defi
