1、Designation: C1285 02 (Reapproved 2008)C1285 14Standard Test Methods forDetermining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, andMixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: TheProduct Consistency Test (PCT)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1285; the number immediately fol
2、lowing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These product c
3、onsistency test methods A and B evaluate provide a measure of the chemical durability of homogeneousglasses, phase separated glasses, devitrified glasses, glass ceramics, and/or multiphase glass ceramic waste forms forms, orcombinations thereof, hereafter collectively referred to as “glass waste for
4、ms” by measuring the concentrations of the chemicalspecies released to a test solution.solution under carefully controlled conditions.1.1.1 Test Method A is a seven-day chemical durability test performed at 90 6 2C in a leachant of ASTM-Type I water. Thetest method is static and conducted in stainle
5、ss steel vessels. The stainless steel vessels require a gasket to remain leak-tight.2 Thestainless steel vessels are considered to be “closed system” tests. Test Method A can specifically be used to evaluate whether thechemical durability and elemental release characteristics of nuclear, hazardous,
6、and mixed glass waste forms have beenconsistently controlled during production. This test method is applicable to radioactive and simulated glass waste forms as definedabove.1.1.2 Test Method B is a durability test that allows testing at various test durations, test temperatures, mesh size, mass of
7、particlesize and masses of glass sample, leachant volume,volumes, and leachant compositions. This test method is static and can beconducted in stainless steel or PFA TFE-fluorocarbon vessels, or both. vessels. The stainless steel vessels are considered to be“closed system” while the PFATFE-fluorocar
8、bon vessels are considered to be “open system” tests. Test Method B can specificallybe used to evaluate the relative chemical durability characteristics of homogeneous glasses, phase separated glasses, devitrifiedglasses, glass ceramics, and/oror multiphase glass ceramic waste forms. forms, or combi
9、nations thereof. This test method isapplicable to radioactive (nuclear) and mixed, hazardous, and simulated glass waste forms as defined above. Test Method B cannotbe used as a consistency test for production of high level radioactive glass waste forms.1.2 These test methods must be performed in acc
10、ordance with all quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with i
11、ts use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C92 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of Refractory Mater
12、ialsC162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Lime and Borosilicate GlassC225 Test Methods for Resistance of Glass Containers to Chemical AttackC371 Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders1 These test methods are under
13、 the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fueland High Level Waste.Current edition approved July 1, 2008Jan. 1, 2014. Published August 2008April 2014. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in
14、20022008 asC1285 02.C1285 02 (2008). DOI: 10.1520/C1285-02R08.10.1520/C1285-14.2 TFE-fluorocarbon gaskets, available commercially, are acceptable and chemically inert up to radiation doses of 1 105 R of beta or gamma radiation which have beenshown not to damage TFE-fluorocarbon. If higher radiation
15、doses are anticipated, special gaskets fabricated from metals such as copper, gold, lead, or indium arerecommended.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to th
16、e standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes ac
17、curately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
18、tates1C429 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass ManufactureC693 Test Method for Density of Glass by BuoyancyC859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-AtomicEmission
19、 SpectroscopyC1174 Practice for Prediction of the Long-Term Behavior of Materials, Including Waste Forms, Used in Engineered BarrierSystems (EBS) for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive WasteC1220 Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive WasteC1
20、463 Practices for Dissolving Glass Containing Radioactive and Mixed Waste for Chemical and Radiochemical AnalysisC1662 Practice for Measurement of the Glass Dissolution Rate Using the Single-Pass Flow-Through Test MethodC1125D859 Test Method for Penetration Index of AsbestosSilica in WaterD1129 Term
21、inology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion ChromatographyD5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous WastesE7 Terminology Relating to MetallographyE177 Practice for Use of the Terms
22、 Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE1402 Guide for Sampling Design3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology C859 for addition
23、al references not listed below.3.1.2 annealanneal, nto prevent or remove materials processing stresses in glass by controlled cooling from a suitabletemperature (modified from Terminology C162).3.1.3 annealingannealing, nin glass leach tests, a controlled cooling process for glass designed to reduce
24、 thermal residualstress to an acceptable level, and, in some cases, modify structure (modified from Terminology structure. (TerminologyC162C859).)3.1.4 ASTM Type I waterwater, npurified water with a maximum total matter content including soluble silica of 0.1 g/m3,a maximum electrical conductivity o
25、f 0.056 mho/cm at 25C, a minimum electrical resistivity of 18 Mcm at 25C (seeSpecification D1193 and Terminology D1129).3.1.5 chemical durabilitydurability, nin these test methods,leach tests, the resistance of a glass waste form to thematerialto alteration, dissolution and release of its constituen
26、ts to an aqueous solution constituents, under the specific conditions of thistest. the test (Terminology C859).3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe response of a glass under other conditions is outside the scope of these test methods.3.1.6 closed system, testsnin leach tests,a system that precludes the transport o
27、f system utilizing a test container that isimpervious to material transport (Terminology C859matter either into or out of the system.).3.1.7 consistently controlledcontrolled, adjto verify with in high level waste vitrification in the US,a high degree ofaccuracy, as an experiment, that has been cont
28、rolled in such a way that its chemical durability is consistent, by comparison witha standard or a target, or by other experiments. (experiments (proposedWebsters New Terminology C859Twentieth CenturyDictionary, 1973).)3.1.8 devitrified glassglass, na an initially homogeneous or phase (or both) sepa
29、rated glassseparated glass, or both, that haspartially crystallized during cooling or due to thermal cooling, heat treatment, or both.both (Terminology C859).3.1.9 glassglass, nan inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing (seeTerminologyTerminologies C162
30、); a and C859noncrystalline solid or an amorphous solid.).3.1.10 glass ceramicceramic, nsolid material, partly a solid material composed of both crystalline and partly glassy (seeTerminologyphases (Terminology C162C859).C1285 1423.1.11 hazardous waste, n(1) in waste management in a broad sense, any
31、substance or mixture of substances having propertiescapable of producing adverse effects on the health or safety of a human (see also RCRAhazardous waste); (2) in waste managementin the US, any waste that is “listed” in 40CFR Parts 261.31 -261.33 or exhibits one or more of the characteristics identi
32、fied in40CFRParts 261.20 -261.24, is a mixture of hazardous and non-hazardous waste, or is determined to be hazardous waste by thegenerator (proposed Terminology C859).3.1.12 hazardous waste glassglass, na glass comprised of glass forming additives and hazardous waste.3.1.13 homogeneous glassglass,
33、na glass that is a single amorphous phase; a glass that is not separated into multipleamorphous phases.phases (Terminology C859).3.1.14 leachantleachant, nin leach tests,the solution that is being used, or is intended for general term for the initial solutionwith which a solid is contacted and into
34、which the solid dissolves or is leached (Terminology C859use, in a durability test.).3.1.15 leachateleachate, nin leach tests, general term for the solution resulting from a durability test.test in which a solidis contacted by a solution and leaches or dissolves (Terminology C859).3.1.16 mixed waste
35、waste, nin the US, waste containing both radioactive and hazardous components radioactive, sourcespecial nuclear, or byproduct material regulated by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) (and hazardous1) and components regulated bythe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),(RCRA); (2) respectively; the
36、 term “radioactive component” refers only tothe actual radionuclides dispersed or suspended in the waste substance (DOE3 Order 5400.3) (proposed Terminology C859).3.1.17 mixed waste glassglass, nin nuclear waste management in the US, a glass comprisedcomposed of glass formingglass-forming additives
37、and both hazardous and radioactive constituents.mixed waste components (proposed Terminology C859).3.1.16 multiphase glass ceramic waste forma ceramic consisting of more than one phase, one of which must be a glass.3.1.18 nuclear waste glassglass, na glass comprisedcomposed of glass forming additive
38、s and radioactive waste.waste(proposed Terminology C859).3.1.19 open system, testsnin leach tests, a system that permits the transport of matter into or out of the system, forexample,utilizing a test container through which material transport is possible , for example O2 or CO2 diffusion, or both, i
39、ntoboth(Terminology C859or out of the system.).3.1.20 phase separated glassglass, naa glass containing composed of more than one amorphous phase.phase (Terminol-ogy C859).3.1.21 radioactiveradioactive, adjofof or exhibiting radioactivity (proposedAmerican Heritage Dictionary, TerminologyC859 1973);
40、a material giving or capable of giving off radiant energy in the form of particles or rays, as alpha, beta, and gammarays, by the disintegration of atomic nuclei; said of certain elements, such as radium, thorium, and uranium, and their products(Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973).3.1.2
41、2 radioactivityradioactivity, nspontaneous nuclear disintegration with emission of corpuscular or electromagneticradiation, or both (consult Terminology D1129).3.1.23 sample blankblank, na test in a cleaned test vessel that has been filled with the same amount of leachant as the testswith the waste
42、form samples but containing no waste form sample that is conducted under the same conditions as tests with thewaste form.3.1.24 sensitizationsensitization, nin austenitic steels such as Types 304 and 316, the precipitation of chromium carbide atthe grain boundaries in a temperature range of 400900C
43、(modified from Terminology E7).3.1.24.1 DiscussionThis constitutes the greatest single threat to their corrosion resistance (41).43.1.25 set of samplessamples, nsamples tested simultaneously in the same oven.3.1.26 simulated waste glassglass, na glass comprised of glass forming additives with simula
44、nts of, or actual chemicalspecies, or both, in radioactive wastes or in mixed nuclear wastes, or both.3.1.27 standardstandard, nto have the quality of a model, gage, pattern, or type. (Websters New Twentieth CenturyDictionary, 1973)3.1.28 standardizestandardize, vto make, cause, adjust, or adapt to
45、fit a standardstandard; (3); to cause to conform to a givenstandard, for example, to make standard or uniform (Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary, 1973).3.1.29 unsensitized austenitic steelsteel, nstainless steel that is not sensitized (see sensitization).3 Varshneya, A. K., “Fundamentals of
46、Inorganic Glasses,” Academic Press, Boston, MA (1994).4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to thea list of references at the end of these test methods.this standard.C1285 1433.1.30 verifyverify, vto determine or test the accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation, or reference, for example,
47、 toconduct experiments to verify a hypothesis. (The American Heritage Dictionary, 1973)3.1.31 vitrificationvitrification, nthe process of fusing waste or simulated waste with glass making chemicals at elevatedtemperatures to form a waste glass (see Terminology or a simulated waste glass (proposedTer
48、minology C162C859).4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Test Method A is the Product Consistency Test (PCT-A), which was developed specifically to measure the chemicaldurability of radioactive glass waste forms as defined in 1.1 during production (Table 1) (52). It can also be used to measure thechemical d
49、urability of hazardous, mixed, and various simulated glass waste forms as defined in 1.1. The test method is easilyreproducible,repeatable, can be performed remotely on highly radioactive samples and can yield results rapidly. The glass wasteform does not need to be annealed prior to testing. In this test method, the glass waste form is crushed and sieved to isolate theTABLE 1 Summary of Test Methods A and BTest Method A Test Method BType ofWaste FormRadioactiveMixedSimulated, HazardousRadioactiveMix
