1、Designation: C1298 95 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forDesign and Construction of Brick Liners for IndustrialChimneys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1298; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design,construction, and serviceability of brick liners for industrialchi
3、mneys. The structural design criteria are applicable tovertical masonry cantilever structures supported only at theirbase, either by a foundation, a concrete pedestal, or by somemeans from the outer concrete shell. Excluded from directconsideration are single-wythe, sectional brick linings that ares
4、upported on a series of corbels cast in the outer chimney shell.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
5、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C395 Specification for Chemical-Resistant Resin MortarsC466 Specification f
6、or Chemically Setting Silicate andSilica Chemical-Resistant MortarsC980 Specification for Industrial Chimney Lining BrickE447 Test Method for Compressive Strength of LaboratoryConstructed Masonry Prisms (Withdrawn 1997)3E111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord Modulus2.2 ACI St
7、andard:30788 Practice for the Design and Construction of Cast-In-Place Reinforced Concrete Chimneys42.3 ASCE Standard:ASCE 7-88 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures (Formerly ANSI A58.1)52.4 Other Standard:1991 Uniform Building Code, International Conference ofBuilding Code Officia
8、ls, California63. Terminology3.1 Notations:a = brick dimension in radial direction (in.)b = brick dimension in tangential direction (in.)c = brick chamfer (in.)Ce= chimney deflection due to earthquake loads (in.)d = outside diameter of brick liner (in.)D = mean liner diameter at a given elevation (i
9、n.)Em= masonry modulus of elasticity as established by performing brick prismtest or by past experience, psifb= critical liner buckling stress, psifd= maximum vertical compressive stress due to dead load, psifde= maximum vertical compressive stress due to the combined effect ofearthquake and dead lo
10、ad, psifdw= maximum vertical compressive stress due to the combined effect ofwind and dead load, psifm= average ultimate masonry compressive strength established byperforming brick prism test or by past experience, psifv= maximum shear stress due to wind or earthquake, psiF.S. = factor of safetyh =
11、total liner height (ft)he= height of liner above elevation being checked for buckling (ft)Le= liner deflection due to earthquake loads (in.)P = constructional out-of-plumbness of liner with respect to shell (in.)r = average mean radius of liner (ft)S = shell deflection due to sun effect (in.)T = lin
12、er deflection due to differential temperature effects (in.)t = wall thickness (in.)v = coefficient of variation in brick prism testsW = shell deflection due to design wind loads (in.) = coefficient of thermal expansion for brick liner (use 3.5 106unlessotherwise established) (in./in./F)1This guide i
13、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on ManufacturedMasonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on MasonryAssemblies.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1298 95 (2007).D
14、OI: 10.1520/C1298-95R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this hi
15、storical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.5Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.6Available f
16、rom International Code Council (ICC), 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite600, Falls Church, VA 22041-3401, http:/www.intlcode.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 History:4.1.1 For many years, brick lin
17、ers have been used with anexcellent record of performance. For the most part, however,the design and construction of brick liners has been based onpast industry practice due to the lack of available informationand knowledge of the physical properties of the brick andmortar, the thermal and seismic b
18、ehavior of brick liners, andmany related characteristics that were not properly or accu-rately defined.4.1.2 The use of scrubbers, which lower gas temperaturesand introduce highly corrosive condensates into the flue gassystem, requires many new design considerations. The effectthat scrubbers have on
19、 brick liners is an ongoing area of study,since a number of liners have experienced growth- anddeflection-related problems which may be attributable, at leastin part, to nonuniform temperature and moisture conditionswithin the liners.4.2 PurposeThe recommendations contained herein rep-resent current
20、 industry practices and serve to define thepertinent considerations that should be followed in the designand construction of brick chimney liners.5. Materials5.1 GeneralThe selection of suitable liner materials, thosecapable of resisting the environment to which they will beexposed, should be based
21、on an evaluation of the uniqueoperating conditions that exist in each application. Although itis not the intent to restrict the applicability of this guide, andwhile other materials may be appropriate in some applications,the chemical-resistant brick and mortar standards set forth in5.2 and 5.3 defi
22、ne the type of materials used in the majority ofbrick liners that are specified, designed, and erected today. Allportions of this guide reflect test data, design requirements, andother practices as they relate to these materials. The provisionsof this guide should be carefully reviewed for applicabi
23、lity ifother materials are specified or used. Due to a greater knowl-edge of overall plant operation, material capabilities, and theflue gas environment, the owners technical representativeshould be responsible for selecting all liner materials.5.2 Brick:5.2.1 Unless the specific application preclud
24、es their use,brick conforming to the requirements of Specification C980should be used. Specification C980 covers solid kiln-fired brickmade of clay, shale, or mixtures thereof.5.2.2 Three types of brick are defined in Specification C980:Types I, II, and III. By definition, the brick types vary,respe
25、ctively, in decreasing degrees of absorption and acidsolubility. These bricks generally are resistant to all acids andalkalies (with the exception of acid fluorides and strong, hotcaustics). Types I, II, and III brick safely will withstandcontinuous temperatures up to 750F. Generally, the bricks wil
26、lwithstand short-term exposure to temperatures in excess of750F, but the capability of the bricks to resist higher tempera-tures should be studied case by case. The selection of the bricktype and the potential need for testing beyond the requirementsof Specification C980 should be determined on an i
27、ndividualproject basis.5.2.3 Specification C980 brick Types I and II generally areavailable from any manufacturer who makes double-sized,kiln-fired, solid brick for corrosion-resistant applications. Thestringent requirements for Type III brick, however, make itmore difficult and expensive to manufac
28、ture. Consequently,availability of Type III brick is limited; therefore, beforespecifying Type III brick, determine both the necessity of itsuse and its availability.5.3 Mortar:5.3.1 Unless specific application requirements dictateotherwise, mortar should conform to the requirements of one ofthe bri
29、ck types listed herein.5.3.1.1 Specification C466These widely-used mortars ex-hibit excellent resistance to most acids (except hydrofluoricacid), water, solvents, and temperatures to 1200F. Thesemortars are also resistant to intermittent exposure to mildalkalies, but their primary capability is resi
30、sting the strongacids commonly found in fossil-fuel flue gas environments.5.3.1.2 Specification C395Organic resin-type mortars(such as Furan mortar) have been used in brick chimney liners,mainly due to their capacity to resist a wider variety ofchemicals than inorganic mortars. Generally suitable fo
31、r useover a wider pH range, they resist non-oxidizing acids,alkalies, salts, water, and temperatures to 350F.5.3.1.3 High alumina cement (HAC) mortars, while notgenerally used in brick chimney linings, also are available.They are usually used in conjunction with heat-resistiveaggregates and may be s
32、uitable for some chimney applications.5.3.2 It is important to recognize that the selection of theproper mortar is essential to successful functioning of a brickliner. The various types of chemical-resistant mortars should beevaluated to determine which is the most suitable for a givenapplication an
33、d set of operating conditions.5.4 AppurtenancesDue to the availability of a wide vari-ety of metallic materials and the great variations in the flue gasconditions to which materials are exposed, it is beyond thescope of this document to make recommendations regardingthe suitability of materials for
34、liner appurtenances such asbreeching ducts, bands, lintels, buckstays, hoods, caps, anddoors. The selection of these materials can be made only byevaluating the specific factors and conditions that exist on eachindividual project. One must evaluate the operatingenvironment, projected maintenance req
35、uirements, and othersuch technical and economic evaluation factors commonlyassociated with the process of material selection.5.5 Field TestingIf it is determined that field testing isrequired for a particular project, the test methods and accep-tance criteria should be agreed upon mutually by the ma
36、terialmanufacturers, the contractor, and the owners technical rep-resentative. Certification that the materials shipped for use onthe project conform to the requirements of their respectiveASTM specifications should be obtained from the manufac-turer.6. Construction Requirements6.1 Handling and Stor
37、age of Materials:C1298 95 (2013)26.1.1 Brick pallets and the individual brick units should behandled as little as possible to reduce the likelihood of crackingand chipping. While it is obviously beneficial to keep theamount of chipping and cracking to a minimum, no criteriacurrently exist to evaluat
38、e what constitutes acceptability.Therefore, if deemed necessary, the specifier should includeacceptance criteria in the project specification. Cracking is notalways evident, and pallets suspected of containing crackedbrick should be checked closely by removing individualsamples. Badly damaged or cra
39、cked brick should not be used.6.1.2 Mortar and brick should be kept dry and free fromfrost during construction. Heated storage sheds should be usedwhen the ambient temperature during construction is below40F (4C) unless otherwise recommended by the manufactur-ers of the brick or mortar.6.2 Brick Siz
40、ing:6.2.1 It is standard industry practice to use chamfered brickto approximate the circular liner shape. The proper chamfer-to-diameter relationship is shown in Fig. 1. In certain cases, itmay be necessary to use two or more chamfers for a liner witha larger change in diameter over its height. The
41、proper chamferwill keep mortar joint size variation to a minimum, resulting intight, acid-resistant vertical seams.6.2.2 Double-sized brick, typically 334 by 412 by 8 in., isused in brick liner construction, although any other brick sizethat meets the recommendations of this guide is acceptable.6.3
42、Brick Bonding:6.3.1 The use of proper brick bonding techniques inhibitsdelamination, resulting in stronger, more crack-resistant walls.A proper brick bond will limit the propagation of cracks.6.3.2 To minimize the effects of tolerance differences be-tween “stretchers” (brick laid in the circumferent
43、ial direction)and “headers” (brick laid in the radial direction), it is beneficialto reverse the brick bond frequently. As a minimumrequirement, the brick bond for all wall thicknesses should bereversed, or staggered, after every three courses.6.3.3 Circumferentially, brick should be staggered fromc
44、ourse to course to prevent the stacking of vertical joints. Sincebrick liners are commonly tapered, occasional vertical align-ment of radial joint will inevitably occur and is consideredacceptable practice.6.4 Mortar Usage:6.4.1 Mortar should be stored and used in accordance withthe manufacturers re
45、commendations. Mortar manufacturersgenerally make representatives available to assist field person-nel during initial mixing and material handling operations.6.4.2 Chemically-setting mortars typically used in brickliners are sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, andsmall variations in mi
46、x proportions. The builder should moni-tor the mortar consistency during the course of construction.Any changes in the visual appearance of the mortar, or changesin handling, mixing, and setting characteristics immediatelyshould be brought to the attention of the manufacturer.6.4.3 The working time
47、for a chemically-setting mortar isshort compared to that for a Portland cement mortar. Onlymortar quantities that can be used within their working timeshould be mixed, since retempering of these mortars is notrecommended by the manufacturers.6.4.4 All brick in the masonry chimney lining should be la
48、idwith full-bed, circumferential, and radial mortar joints. Mortarshall be applied to the brick by the use of a trowel. All mortarjoints on the interior surface of the liner shall be trowel-struck.6.5 Rate of ConstructionA typical liner is constructedfrom a multiple-point suspension scaffold, which
49、facilitates afast rate of construction, even to the point of making it possibleto build greater heights of freshly laid masonry than iswarranted by the setting rate of the mortar. This is particularlytrue when constructing small diameter liners when the ambienttemperature is low. Building at a rate faster than is warrantedby the setting characteristics of the mortar can result inpremature cracking and deformation of the lining. The rate ofbrick laying and the mortar set time should be monitored sothat partially set masonry is not damaged and tolerances ar
