1、Designation: C 1324 05Standard Test Method forExamination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1324; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for petrographicexamination and chemical analysis of samples of masonrymortars. Based upon suc
3、h examination and analysis, propor-tions of components in masonry mortars can be determined.NOTE 1This method is also applicable to hydraulic cement-basedstucco and plaster. Some historic mortars may contain non-resolvableconstituents that may interfere. However, significant information may beobtain
4、ed by petrographic examinations.1.2 Interpretations and calculations of chemical results aredependent upon results of the petrographic examination. Theuse of the chemical results alone is contrary to the requirementsof this test method.1.3 Procedures for sampling, petrographic examination,chemical a
5、nalysis, and calculations of component proportionsare given in the following sections:SectionSampling 7Petrographic examination 8Chemical analysis 9Mortar proportion calculations 10Report 111.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for i
6、nformationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
7、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 144 Specification for Aggregate for Masonry MortarC 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC 295 Guide for Petrographic Examinatio
8、n of Aggregatesfor ConcreteC 457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination ofParameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened ConcreteC 823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of HardenedConcrete in ConstructionsC 856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of HardenedConcreteC 1084 Test Method for P
9、ortland-Cement Content of Hard-ened Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteD 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this test method are defined in Terminol-ogy C 125 or the other referenced ASTM standards.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides procedures for petrographi
10、cexamination and chemical analysis of mortar for componentsof masonry mortar. These components may include portlandcement, hydrated calcitic or dolomitic lime, masonry cement,aggregates, and air.4.2 The test method consists of procedures and sub-procedures, each requiring a substantial degree of pet
11、rographicand chemical skills and relatively elaborate instrumentation.4.3 The chemical data considered together with results ofpetrographic examination of a mortar provide for calculation ofcomponent proportions and thus allow a determination ofmortar composition as represented by Types M, N, S, and
12、 O inTable 1 (Proportion Specification Requirements) of Specifica-tion C 270.4.4 Failure of a mortar to have the composition of any typeas defined in Table 1 of Specification C 270 does not neces-sarily mean that the mortar does not meet the requirements ofSpecification C 270. The mortar may meet th
13、e alternative1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C12 on Mortarsfor Unit Masonry and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C12.02 onResearch and Methods of Test.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous e
14、dition approved in 2004 as C 1324 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes s
15、ection appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.requirements of Table 2 (Property Specification Requirements)of Specification C 270.4.5 The maleic acid method of analysis is not applicable fo
16、rthe analysis of mortar because it is greatly influenced bycarbonation and does not provide for the determination ofcalcium.5. Qualifications of Petrographer and Chemist5.1 Petrographer:5.1.1 The petrographic examination requires the skill of apetrographer well versed in the petrographic methods ofP
17、ractice C 856, Test Method C 457, and Guide C 295, and inthe evaluations of portland cement-containing materials and ofmasonry mortars.5.1.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the petrographicdata requires detailed knowledge of the requirements ofSpecification C 270.35.2 Chemist:5.2.1 The chemical
18、 analysis requires the skills of a chemistwell versed in methods of chemical analysis, such as of TestMethods C114and Test Method C 1084, and in the analyticalprocedures of these standards.5.2.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the results of thechemical analysis requires detailed knowledge of t
19、he require-ments of Specification C 270.46. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials6.1 Apparatus used for the petrographic examination andpreparation of specimens are given in Guide C 295, TestMethod C 457, and Practice C 856.6.2 The following apparatus for the chemical analysis shallbe chosen from appli
20、cable items given in Test Methods C114and C 1084 and from the following:6.2.1 Crushers and pulverizers,56.2.2 Disk pulverizer,6.2.3 Rotary mill (rotating puck),6.2.4 Sieve, 300 m (No. 50),6.2.5 Ice bath or electric cooling apparatus,6.2.6 Hot plate,6.2.7 Buchner porcelain funnel,6.2.8 Filter paper,6
21、.2.9 Beakers, 250-mL and 400-mL,6.2.10 Platinum crucibles, and6.2.11 Porcelain crucibles.6.3 Reagents and Materials:6.3.1 Soluble silica sub-procedure:6.3.1.1 Hydrochloric acid, reagent grade, density 1.19 mg/m3(1 + 3),6.3.1.2 Sodium hydroxide, (10 g/L).6.3.2 Calcium Oxide Sub-procedureUse reagents
22、as re-quired in Test Methods C114.6.3.3 Insoluble Residue ProcedureHydrochloric acid, re-agent grade, density 1.19 mg/m (1 + 4).6.3.4 WaterAll references to water shall be understood tomean reagent water Type I through IV of Specification D 1193.7. Sampling7.1 The mortar sample should include intact
23、 pieces forpetrographic analysis. A 10-g sample is usually sufficient foreach composite petrographic examination and chemical analy-sis. The sampling should provide for differentiating betweenpointing and other mortars from the original mortar. For certainpurposes, sampling may be done using procedu
24、res in PracticeC 823.8. Petrographic Examination8.1 General:8.1.1 Petrographic examination refers to methods in Prac-tice C 856 and principally to light microscopy and to use of apetrographic microscope and a stereoscopic low power micro-scope. Ancillary techniques include X-ray diffractometry andsc
25、anning electron microscopy.8.1.2 X-ray diffraction analysis can be used to identifyphases present in mortar. This information, in conjunction withthe petrographic microscopy information, is a basis for deter-mining, for the chemical analysis, which calcium oxide ormagnesium oxide sub-procedure is ne
26、cessary.8.1.3 The petrographic and X-ray diffraction information isnecessary for interpretations in calculating mortar composition.8.2 Mortar:8.2.1 Observe the mortar as appropriate, focusing attentionon overall mortar appearance, characteristics of tooled sur-faces, fracture surfaces and surfaces c
27、ontacting masonry units,and secondary substances (efflorescence and internal secondaryproducts). Describe and report the observations.8.2.2 If X-ray diffraction methods are used, analyze forcrystalline components in accordance with individual XRDequipment techniques.8.3 Aggregate:8.3.1 Examine the a
28、ggregate component of the mortar forrock and mineral composition using methods of Guide C 295and Practice C 856.8.3.2 If components of the aggregate are acid-insoluble,gently break the mortar, and dissolve the paste matrix usingdilute hydrochloric acid, and thoroughly wash and filter theresidue. Dry
29、 the aggregate residue, and examine it microscopi-cally. The residue may also be sorted into particle sizes usingthe sieving method of Specification C 144. Aggregate particlesbroken during the mortar breakdown will skew the gradationanalysis results.8.4 PasteExamine the paste fraction of the mortar
30、usingmethods of Practice C 856. Components of the paste caninclude residual (partially hydrated portland cement particles),hydration products of the portland cement and their carbonatedequivalents, hydrated lime (both calcitic and dolomitic) andcarbonated hydrated lime, and finely ground mineral com
31、po-nents such as limestone, dolomite, slag, fly ash, clay, andpigments.8.5 Air:3Erlin, Bernard and Hime, William G., “Evaluating Mortar Deterioration,”Association for Preservation Technology, 1987.4Hime, William G., and Erlin, Bernard, “Methods for Analyzing Mortar,”Proceedings of the Third North Am
32、erican Masonry Conference, Masonry Society,1985.5Crushers and pulverizers may be obtained from many laboratory supply houses,and include chipmunk type jaw crushers, disc pulverizers, and rotating puckdevices.C13240528.5.1 Examine the mortar for air voids and their configura-tions and distribution. C
33、haracterize the air voids as entrained orentrapped as defined in Terminology C 125 and Test MethodC 457, or both. Characterize air voids by locations, disposition,and relative size.8.5.2 Estimate the volume of air relative to the volume ofthe mortar, and report the estimate as percent air.8.5.3 Meas
34、urements of characteristics of the air-void systemcan be made using Test Method C 457. Usually, specialimpregnation techniques will be necessary to provide a speci-men suitable for the processing needed for this examination.An impregnation technique is given in Test Method C 457.8.6 Secondary Produc
35、tsExamine the mortar, using meth-ods of Practice C 856, for secondary products in voids and ontooled, fractured, and other surfaces. Describe, identify, andcharacterize products present.8.7 Evaluation of Petrographic Data:8.7.1 Mineralogical characteristics of the aggregate shouldbe evaluated relati
36、ve to components that could interfere in anysubsequent chemical analyses, any chemical or physical insta-bility relative to alkali-silica and alkali-carbonate reactions,any degradation due to freezing and thawing, and stabilitywhen exposed to moisture.8.7.2 The paste should be evaluated so the origi
37、nal cemen-titious components used for preparing the mortar can beidentified.8.7.3 The air-void data should be evaluated so that themortar can be classed as non-air-entrained or air-entrained.8.7.4 The individual observations of aggregate, paste, air,secondary products, and tooled and other surfaces
38、should beintegrated to establish overall compositional and texturalcharacteristics of the mortar.8.8 MiscellaneousA report of the results of the petro-graphic examination should be prepared as a section of theoverall report, or as a separate report, depending upon thepurpose of the study. The report
39、 should include details abouteach item in 8.2 through 8.7.9. Chemical Analysis9.1 Sample PreparationCrush or grind a representativeportion of the sample so that all the material passes a 300 m(No. 50) sieve. To minimize the production of very finematerial, use several passes of the sample through th
40、e grindingequipment. Remove the portion passing the sieve beforeregrinding the remainder of the sample. Thoroughly mix byconing from one paper to another ten times.9.2 Soluble Silica Sub-procedure (variation of method usedin Test Method C 1084):9.2.1 Into two 250-mLbeakers introduce 100 mL1 + 4 HCl.
41、Cool within the range of 3 to 5C (38 to 41F) using an ice bathor electric cooling apparatus.69.2.2 Slowly, over a 1-min period, introduce a 2.00-gsample of crushed mortar. Maintain the 3 to 5C temperaturefor a 5-min period, and stir the mixture either continuously orat least several times during thi
42、s period.NOTE 2Observation of the solution during the introduction of thesample may provide useful information. Rapid effervescence indicates asubstantial amount of calcite or carbonated paste. Slow effervescencesuggests a dolomite aggregate.9.2.3 Decant through a Buchner porcelain funnel fittedsnug
43、ly with two disks of a quantitative filter paper for fineprecipitates, Type II, Class G filter paper. Once the filtrationhas begun, take care so the mat and accumulated residue do notdry completely until the filtration process is complete. Regulatethe suction to maintain a rapid rate of filtration d
44、uring thegreater part of the filtration process. Retain as much of theresidue in the beaker as possible. Wash twice by decantationwith hot water. Save the filtrate. Carefully transfer the filterpaper from the funnel to the beaker containing the balance ofthe residue so that no residue is lost. Add 7
45、5 mL of hot sodiumhydroxide solution (10 g/L) to the residue while stirring,macerate the filter paper, and digest for 15 min. During thedigestion, occasionally stir the mixture. Decant as before, andwash twice with hot water until the filtrate is neutral to litmus.Combine the filtrates in a 400-mL b
46、eaker.9.2.4 Proceed to analyze as provided in 9.2.5 and 9.2.6,oranalyze the soluble silica by any instrumental method foundacceptable for cement analysis in accordance with the perfor-mance requirement for rapid methods of Test Methods C 114,provided it can be applied to the filtrate.NOTE 3Suitable
47、instrumental techniques may include atomic absorp-tion or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.9.2.5 Evaporate to dryness taking great care to minimizespattering, bake at not over 120C (248F) for 1 h, moistenwith hydrochloric acid (density 1.19 g/mL), evaporate andbake again. Take up filtration i
48、n 75 mL of hydrochloric acid(1 + 3). Heat to boiling, filter through an ashless filter paper,and wash the residue with 50 mL of hot hydrochloric acid(1 + 9) and then with hot water until the washings are free ofchlorides. Transfer the filter paper and residue to a weighedplatinum crucible, dry, and
49、ignite, at first slowly until thecarbon of the paper is completely consumed without inflaming,and finally at 1100 to 1200C for 1 h. Cool in a desiccator andweigh. Reignite to constant weight. Treat the SiO2thusobtained, which will contain small amounts of impurities, inthe crucible with 1 or 2 mL of water, 2 drops of H2SO4(1 + 1),and about 10 mL of HF, and evaporate cautiously to dryness.Finally, heat the small residue at 1050 to 1100C for 5 min,cool in a desiccator, and weigh. The difference between thisweight and the weight previously obtained represents theweight
