1、Designation: C1324 10C1324 15Standard Test Method forExamination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1324; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for petrographic examination and chemical analysis of samples of masonry mortars.Based up
3、on such examination and analysis, proportions of components in masonry mortars can be determined.NOTE 1This method is also applicable to hydraulic cement-based stucco and plaster. Some historic mortars may contain non-resolvable constituentsthat may interfere. However, significant information may be
4、 obtained by petrographic examinations.NOTE 1This method is also applicable to hydraulic cement-based stucco and plaster. Some historic mortars may contain non-resolvable constituentsthat may interfere. However, significant information may be obtained by petrographic examinations.1.2 Interpretations
5、 and calculations of chemical results are dependent upon results of the petrographic examination. The use ofthe chemical results alone is contrary to the requirements of this test method.1.3 Procedures for sampling, petrographic examination, chemical analysis, and calculations of component proportio
6、ns are givenin the following sections:SectionSampling 7Petrographic examination 8Chemical analysis 9Mortar proportion calculations 10Report 111.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purpo
7、rt to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C114 T
8、est Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic CementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC144 Specification for Aggregate for Masonry MortarC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteC457 Test Method for Mi
9、croscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened ConcreteC823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened Concrete in ConstructionsC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteC1084 Test Method for Portland-Cement Content of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement
10、 ConcreteC1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit MasonryD1193 Specification for Reagent Water3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology standards C125, C1180, or the other referencedASTM standards.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
11、C12 on Mortars and Grouts for Unit Masonry and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C12.02on Research and Methods of Test.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2010January 2016. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20052010as C1324 05
12、.C1324 10. DOI: 10.1520/C1324-10.10.1520/C1324-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This docume
13、nt is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as ap
14、propriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
15、tates14. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides procedures for petrographic examination and chemical analysis of mortar for components ofmasonry mortar.These components may include portland cement, hydrated calcitic or dolomitic lime, masonry cement, aggregates,and air.4.2 The test method
16、 consists of procedures and sub-procedures, each requiring a substantial degree of petrographic and chemicalskills and relatively elaborate instrumentation.4.3 The chemical data considered together with results of petrographic examination of a mortar provide for calculation ofcomponent proportions a
17、nd thus allow a determination of mortar composition as represented by Types M, N, S, and O in Table1 (Proportion Specification Requirements) of Specification C270.4.4 Failure of a mortar to have the composition of any type as defined in Table 1 of Specification C270 does not necessarilymean that the
18、 mortar does not meet the requirements of Specification C270. The mortar may meet the alternative requirements ofTable 2 (Property Specification Requirements) of Specification C270.4.5 The maleic acid method of analysis is not applicable for the analysis of mortar because it is greatly influenced by
19、carbonation and does not provide for the determination of calcium.5. Qualifications of Petrographer and Chemist5.1 Petrographer:5.1.1 The petrographic examination requires the skill of a petrographer well versed in the petrographic methods of PracticeC856,Test Method C457, and Guide C295, and in the
20、 evaluations of portland cement-containing materials and of masonry mortars.5.1.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the petrographic data requires detailed knowledge of the requirements of SpecificationC270.35.2 Chemist:5.2.1 The chemical analysis requires the skills of a chemist well versed in m
21、ethods of chemical analysis, such as of TestMethods C114 and Test Method C1084, and in the analytical procedures of these standards.5.2.2 The interpretation and evaluation of the results of the chemical analysis requires detailed knowledge of the requirementsof Specification C270.46. Apparatus, Reag
22、ents, and Materials6.1 Apparatus used for the petrographic examination and preparation of specimens are given in Guide C295, Test Method C457,and Practice C856.6.2 The following apparatus for the chemical analysis shall be chosen from applicable items given in Test Methods C114 andC1084 and from the
23、 following:6.2.1 Crushers and pulverizers,NOTE 2Crushers and pulverizers may be obtained from many laboratory supply houses, and include chipmunk type jaw crushers, disc pulverizers,and rotating puck devices.6.2.2 Disk pulverizer,6.2.3 Rotary mill (rotating puck),6.2.4 Sieve, 300 m (No. 50),6.2.5 Ic
24、e bath or electric cooling apparatus,6.2.6 Hot plate,6.2.7 Buchner porcelain funnel,6.2.8 Filter paper,6.2.9 Beakers, 250-mL and 400-mL,6.2.10 Platinum crucibles, and6.2.11 Porcelain crucibles.6.3 Reagents and Materials:6.3.1 Soluble silica sub-procedure : sub-procedure:6.3.1.1 Hydrochloric acid, re
25、agent grade, density 1.19 mg/m3 (1 + 3),6.3.1.2 Sodium hydroxide, (10 g/L).6.3.2 Calcium Oxide Sub-procedure Sub-procedureUse reagents as required in Test Methods C114.6.3.3 Insoluble Residue Procedure ProcedureHydrochloric acid, reagent grade, density 1.19 mg/m3 (1 + 4).6.3.4 WaterAll references to
26、 water shall be understood to mean reagent water Type I through IV of Specification D1193.3 Erlin, Bernard and Hime, William G., “Evaluating Mortar Deterioration,” Association for Preservation Technology, 1987.4 Hime, William G., and Erlin, Bernard, “Methods for Analyzing Mortar,” Proceedings of the
27、 Third North American Masonry Conference, Masonry Society, 1985.C1324 1527. Sampling7.1 The mortar sample should include intact pieces for petrographic analysis. A 10-g sample is usually sufficient for eachcomposite petrographic examination and chemical analysis. The sampling should provide for diff
28、erentiating between pointing andother mortars from the original mortar. For certain purposes, sampling may be done using procedures in Practice C823.8. Petrographic Examination8.1 General:8.1.1 Petrographic examination refers to methods in Practice C856 and principally to light microscopy and to use
29、 of apetrographic microscope and a stereoscopic low power microscope. Ancillary techniques include X-ray diffractometry andscanning electron microscopy.8.1.2 X-ray diffraction analysis can be used to identify phases present in mortar. This information, in conjunction with thepetrographic microscopy
30、information, is a basis for determining, for the chemical analysis, which calcium oxide or magnesiumoxide sub-procedure is necessary.8.1.3 The petrographic and X-ray diffraction information is necessary for interpretations in calculating mortar composition.8.2 Mortar:8.2.1 Observe the mortar as appr
31、opriate, focusing attention on overall mortar appearance, characteristics of tooled surfaces,fracture surfaces and surfaces contacting masonry units, and secondary substances (efflorescence and internal secondary products).Describe and report the observations.8.2.2 If X-ray diffraction methods are u
32、sed, analyze for crystalline components in accordance with individual XRD equipmenttechniques.8.3 Aggregate:8.3.1 Examine the aggregate component of the mortar for rock and mineral composition using methods of Guide C295 andPractice C856.8.3.2 If components of the aggregate are acid-insoluble, gentl
33、y break the mortar, and dissolve the paste matrix using dilutehydrochloric acid, and thoroughly wash and filter the residue. Dry the aggregate residue, and examine it microscopically. Theresidue may also be sorted into particle sizes using the sieving method of Specification C144. Aggregate particle
34、s broken duringthe mortar breakdown will skew the gradation analysis results.8.4 PasteExamine the paste fraction of the mortar using methods of Practice C856. Components of the paste can includeresidual (partially hydrated portland cement particles), hydration products of the portland cement and the
35、ir carbonated equivalents,hydrated lime (both calcitic and dolomitic) and carbonated hydrated lime, and finely ground mineral components such aslimestone, dolomite, slag, fly ash, clay, and pigments.8.5 Air:8.5.1 Examine the mortar for air voids and their configurations and distribution. Characteriz
36、e the air voids as entrained orentrapped as defined in Terminology C125 and Test Method C457, or both. Characterize air voids by locations, disposition, andrelative size.8.5.2 Estimate the volume of air relative to the volume of the mortar, and report the estimate as percent air.8.5.3 Measurements o
37、f characteristics of the air-void system can be made using Test Method C457. Usually, specialimpregnation techniques will be necessary to provide a specimen suitable for the processing needed for this examination. Animpregnation technique is given in Test Method C457.8.6 Secondary ProductsExamine th
38、e mortar, using methods of Practice C856, for secondary products in voids and on tooled,fractured, and other surfaces. Describe, identify, and characterize products present.8.7 Evaluation of Petrographic Data:8.7.1 Mineralogical characteristics of the aggregate should be evaluated relative to compon
39、ents that could interfere in anysubsequent chemical analyses, any chemical or physical instability relative to alkali-silica and alkali-carbonate reactions, anydegradation due to freezing and thawing, and stability when exposed to moisture.8.7.2 The paste should be evaluated so the original cementit
40、ious components used for preparing the mortar can be identified.8.7.3 The air-void data should be evaluated so that the mortar can be classed as non-air-entrained or air-entrained.8.7.4 The individual observations of aggregate, paste, air, secondary products, and tooled and other surfaces should bei
41、ntegrated to establish overall compositional and textural characteristics of the mortar.8.8 MiscellaneousAreport of the results of the petrographic examination should be prepared as a section of the overall report,or as a separate report, depending upon the purpose of the study. The report should in
42、clude details about each item in 8.2 through8.7.C1324 1539. Chemical Analysis9.1 Sample PreparationCrush or grind a representative portion of the sample so that all the material passes a 300 m (No.50) sieve. To minimize the production of very fine material, use several passes of the sample through t
43、he grinding equipment.Remove the portion passing the sieve before regrinding the remainder of the sample. Thoroughly mix by coning from one paperto another ten times.9.2 Soluble Silica Sub-procedure (variation of method used in Test Method C1084):9.2.1 Into two 250-mL beakers introduce 100 mL 1 + 4
44、HCl. Cool within the range of 3 to 5C (38 to 41F) using an ice bathor electric cooling apparatus.59.2.2 Slowly, over a 1-min period, introduce a 2.00-g sample of crushed mortar. Maintain the 3 to 5C temperature for a 5-minperiod, and stir the mixture either continuously or at least several times dur
45、ing this period.NOTE 3Observation of the solution during the introduction of the sample may provide useful information. Rapid effervescence indicates a substantialamount of calcite or carbonated paste. Slow effervescence suggests a dolomite aggregate.9.2.3 Decant through a Buchner porcelain funnel f
46、itted snugly with two disks of a quantitative filter paper for fine precipitates,Type II, Class G filter paper. Once the filtration has begun, take care so the mat and accumulated residue do not dry completelyuntil the filtration process is complete. Regulate the suction to maintain a rapid rate of
47、filtration during the greater part of thefiltration process. Retain as much of the residue in the beaker as possible. Wash twice by decantation with hot water. Save thefiltrate. Carefully transfer the filter paper from the funnel to the beaker containing the balance of the residue so that no residue
48、 islost. Add 75 mL of hot sodium hydroxide solution (10 g/L) to the residue while stirring, macerate the filter paper, and digest for15 min. During the digestion, occasionally stir the mixture. Decant as before, and wash twice with hot water until the filtrate isneutral to litmus. Combine the filtra
49、tes in a 400-mL beaker.9.2.4 Proceed to analyze as provided in 9.2.5 and 9.2.6, or analyze the soluble silica by any instrumental method foundacceptable for cement analysis in accordance with the performance requirement for rapid methods of Test Methods C114, providedit can be applied to the filtrate.NOTE 4Suitable instrumental techniques may include atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.9.2.5 Evaporate to dryness taking great care to minimize spattering, bake at not over 120C (248F) for 1 h, moisten withhydrochloric acid (density 1.
