1、Designation: C1353 09Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to FootTraffic Using a Rotary Platform, Double-Head Abraser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1353; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the establishment of an index ofabrasion resistance
3、by determination of loss of volume result-ing from abrasion of dimension stone as described in Termi-nology C119 and is based on Guide G195.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either inch-pound units orSI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equ
4、ivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe formula for calculation of the resultof this test method relies on the use of SI units; all measure-ments of weight in t
5、his test method shall be recorded in SIunits.1.2.2 ExceptionAs the equipment used in this test methodwas designed and initially fabricated using dimensions ininch-pound units, the values of equipment dimensions stated inSI units have been given as exact conversions to the nearest 0.1mm.1.3 This test
6、 method uses a rotary platform, double-headabraser to determine the loss in volume of dimension stonecaused by abrasion under controlled conditions.1.4 This test method is useful in indicating the differences inabrasion resistance between the various dimension stones. Thistest method provides one el
7、ement in comparing stones of thesame type.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator
8、y limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC121 Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a RotaryPlatform, Doubl
9、e-Head Abraser3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abraserwear testing instrument to evaluate abrasionresistance, also referred to as an abrader.3.1.2 abrasion cyclein abrasion testing, one or moremovements of the abradant across a material surface, or thematerial s
10、urface across the abradant, that permits a return to itsstarting position. In the case of the rotary platform test method,it consists of one complete rotation of the specimen.3.1.3 index of abrasion resistance, na number calculatedfrom the weight loss of a specimen subjected to a given numberof revo
11、lutions against a standard bonded abrasive wheel.3.1.4 resurfaceprocedure of cleaning and refreshing therunning surface of an abrasive wheel prior to use in testing.3.1.5 sample, na geometrically regular block of stone.3.1.6 test specimen, na flat prism of specified size andshape cut from the submit
12、ted sample.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Aspecimen is abraded using rotary rubbing action undercontrolled conditions of pressure and abrasive action. The testspecimen is mounted on a turntable platform and turns on avertical axis, against the sliding rotation of two abradingwheels. One abrading wheel
13、 rubs the specimen outward towardthe periphery and the other, inward toward the center. Theresulting abrasion marks form a pattern of crossed arcs over anarea of approximately 5 in.230 cm2. Resistance to abrasion isevaluated by determination of the loss of volume due toabrasion and calculation of an
14、 index of abrasion resistance.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition a
15、pproved in 2008 as C1353 08. DOI:10.1520/C1353-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright
16、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to quantify theabrasion resistance of dimension stone and may be related toend-use performance, or used to comparatively rank materialp
17、erformance, or both. The resistance of dimension stone toabrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, isgenerally only one of several factors contributing to wearperformance as experienced in the actual use of the material.Calculation of predicted life should not be based on specifi
18、cabrasion data alone.5.2 The resistance of dimension stone to abrasion may beaffected by factors including test conditions; type of abradant;pressure between the specimen and abradant; mounting ortension of the specimen; and type, kind, or amount of finishingmaterials.5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing th
19、e rotary platform, double-headabraser may be subject to variation due to changes in theabradant during the course of specific tests. Depending onabradant type and test specimen, the abrading wheel surfacemay change (that is, become clogged) due to pick-up offinishing or other materials from test spe
20、cimens. To reduce thisvariation, the abrading wheels may require resurfacing afteruse.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotary Platform, Double-Head (RPDH) Abraser3, con-sisting of the elements described in 6.1.1-6.1.5 (see Fig. 1).6.1.1 A removable turntable specimen platform, which in-cludes a rubber pad, clamp pla
21、te, centrally located threadedpost and nut. The turntable shall be motor driven and mountedso as to produce a circular surface travel of a flat specimen inthe plane of its surface. The specimen platform shall rotate withno visible wobble. This can be checked with a dial indicator atthe top outer edg
22、e of the platform to make sure it runs truewithin 0.02 in. 0.5 mm.6.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at aspeed of either 72 6 2 r/min or 60 6 2 r/min.6.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms to which the abrasive wheelsand accessory weights or counterweights are attached.6.1.4 A vacuum suc
23、tion system and vacuum pickup nozzleto remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimensurface during testing. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzleshall be adjustable, and the nozzle will have two38 in. 8 mmopenings. One opening shall be positioned between the twowheels and over the wear pat
24、h and the other placed diametri-cally opposite, with 3 in. 76.2 mm distance between the axesof the two openings. The vacuum suction force at the surfaceof the specimen shall be sufficient to remove debris andabrasive particles.6.1.5 A counter to record the number of abrasion cycles(revolutions) made
25、 by the turntable platform.6.2 Abrasive Wheels3, which are attached to the free end ofthe pivoted arms and are able to rotate freely about horizontalspindles.6.2.1 The wheels shall be12 in. 12.7 mm thick and have anexternal diameter of 2 in. 50.8 mm when new, and in no caseless than 158 in. 41.3 mm.
26、 The abrasive wheels shall bevitrified based, consisting of hard particles embedded in abinder material. H-22 Calibrade wheels are the required gradeof abrasive for this test method.6.2.2 The internal faces of the abrasive wheels shall be 2116in. 52.4 mm apart and the hypothetical line through the t
27、wospindles shall be34 in. 19.1 mm away from the central axisof the turntable (see Fig. 2). The wheels should be spacedequally on both sides from the wheel-mounting flange to thecenter of the specimen holder. The distance from the inside ofthe wheel mounting flange to the center of the specimen holde
28、rshall be 112 in. 38.1 mm.6.2.3 When resting on the specimen, the wheels will have aperipheral engagement with the surface of the specimen, thedirection of travel of the periphery of the wheels and of the3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Taber Industri
29、es, 455 Bryant Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend. The Taber abrase
30、ris available in two models: the 5130 with a single platform or the 5150 with dualtesting platforms. Both machines function in the same manner.FIG. 1 Rotary Platform, Double-Head (RPDH) Abraser, with Dual Testing PlatformsC1353 092specimen at the contacting portions being at acute angles, andthe ang
31、les of travel of one wheel periphery being opposite tothat of the other. Motion of the abrasive wheels, in oppositedirections, is provided by rotation of the specimen and theassociated friction therefrom.6.3 Accessory Weights3, to be attached to the pivoted armsto provide a force of 2.2 lb 1000 g, w
32、hich the wheel is pressedagainst the specimen, exclusive of the mass of the wheel itself.Accessory weight references are per arm (not combined), andinclude the mass of the pivoted arm.6.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:6.4.1 Wheel refacer3, with a diamond tool for resurfacingvitrified wheels or correcting out
33、of round wheels.6.4.2 Asoft bristle brush, to remove loose particles from thesurface of the specimen after testing.6.5 Balance, with a capacity of 1 lb 500 g and capable ofreading to two decimal places.6.6 Desiccator containing a drying agent of sufficient size tocontain samples to be tested.6.7 Dia
34、mond saw (cut-off) with diamond-edged blade,cooled and flushed with water.6.8 Electrically powered drill with tungsten carbide ordiamond bit capable of drilling a14 in. 6.5 mm hole throughthe specimen. Drill may be cooled and flushed with water ifrequired.6.9 A ventilated drying oven.7. Test Specime
35、ns7.1 Three test specimens are required. Each test specimenshall meet the following conditions.7.2 Specimen DimensionsA slab 4 in. 100 mm squarewith the corners cut off to give a minimum radius of 2 in. 50mm and a maximum radius of 238 in. 60 mm with a14 in.6.5 mm hole in the center.7.3 Specimen Thi
36、cknessThe standard material thicknessthat can be evaluated with the rotary platform abraser is14 in.6.5 mm or less. For materials thicker than14 in. 6.5 mm butless than12 in. 13 mm, an extension nut such as type S-213or equivalent may be used. Alternatively, an arm heightextension kit3will permit te
37、sting of specimens up to 1.5 in. 40mm in thickness.7.4 The upper surface of the specimens shall be flat witheither a finish as required for the test or ground and smoothedwith 120 mesh grit. Rough surfaces, such as thermal, bush-hammered, gang-sawn, and cleft finishes, are not suitable fortesting in
38、 accordance with this test method.8. Procedure8.1 Determine the bulk specific gravity (r) of the specimensin accordance with Test Methods C97 or C121 for slate. Bulkspecific gravity testing shall be performed, using a modifiedspecimen geometry, on the same specimens to be used for theabrasion resist
39、ance tests.8.2 Condition the specimens by drying in an oven at atemperature of 140F 6 4F 60C 6 2C for 48 h. Cool in adesiccator. The test specimens shall remain in the desiccatoruntil tested. Tests should not begin unless the relative humidityis 45 to 55 % and the temperature is at 72 6 4F 22 6 3C.8
40、.3 Weigh the test specimens (wo) to the nearest 0.01 g.FIG. 2 Central Axis of the TurntableC1353 0938.4 Place the test specimen on the table of the abraser withthe surface to be tested uppermost.8.5 Perform test work in a controlled environment, space, orroom.8.6 Set the vacuum cleaner-extractor to
41、90 to 100 % capac-ity. Lower and adjust the orifice arm so the orifice is a distanceof116 to18 in. 1 to 2 mm above the test surface. Ensure thatthe vacuum suction force will lift the abraded particles, but notlift the specimen.8.7 Preparation of Vitrified Abrading WheelsVitrifiedwheels do not requir
42、e resurfacing unless the abrading surfacebecomes clogged, chipped or out of round. A wheel refacershould be used to correct any of these conditions.8.8 Load each holder with a 2.2 lb 1000 g weight abovethe abrasive wheel and gently lower the wheels onto thesurface of the test specimen.8.9 Switch on
43、the vacuum cleaner-extractor.8.10 Start the rotary platform double-head abraser andsubject the test specimen to abrasion for 1000 revolutions.Gently brush the abrasive wheels while the test specimen isrotating to assist in the removal of loose dust and preventclogging the abrasive wheels.NOTE 1The p
44、referred number of revolutions is 1000 regardless of thestone type. Some stones may wear through before 1000 revolutions. Forthese stones, the equipment should be stopped when the wear has reducedthe thickness by 70 to 80 %. Stop the test if the abrasive wheels becomeexcessively worn. If the test is
45、 stopped before 1000 revolutions arecompleted, state the reason in the test report.8.11 Remove the specimen carefully from the table, brushclean the dust and abrasive grains, and weigh (w1).9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the index of abrasion resistance as follows:Iw536.75wo2 w13r3n1000where:Iw= index
46、of abrasion resistance,wo= initial weight of test specimen, gw1= weight of test specimen after 1000 revolutions, gr = bulk specific gravity, andn = number of revolutions actually run during the test.NOTE 2The formula for determining Iwrequires the use of SI units.Attempting to use this formula with
47、inch-pound units will result inerroneous values for Iw.NOTE 3Test results from hard and coarse-grained stones such asgranite should be viewed with caution. Hard stones may both polish andabrade, thus resulting in an increase in the indicated value of Iw.Coarse-grained stones may exhibit a wider than
48、 normal variation of Iwresults in addition to polishing and abrading because of differences inhardness between grains.10. Report10.1 Report the following information for each test speci-men:10.1.1 Identification number and source of sample,10.1.2 Commercial name or description of stone and surfacete
49、sted,10.1.3 Date of test,10.1.4 Identity of test operator,10.1.5 Identification number of each test specimen,10.1.6 Value of bulk specific gravity used in the calcula-tions,10.1.7 Index of abrasion resistance of each test specimenand average of the three test specimens,10.1.8 Presence of any defect or surface feature likely tohave influenced the result,10.1.9 Identification of the operator and laboratory carryingout the test,10.1.10 The relative humidity of the test area, and10.1.11 The actual num
