1、Designation: C1359 11C1359 13Standard Test Method forMonotonic Tensile Strength Testing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics With Solid RectangularCross-Section Test Specimens at Elevated Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1359; the number immediately follo
2、wing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method
3、 covers the determination of tensile strength including stress-strain behavior under monotonic uniaxialloading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restrictedto, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the a
4、ppendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testingmodes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowablebending, temperature control, temperature gradients, and data collection and reporting procedures are a
5、ddressed. Tensile strengthas used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to acontinuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.1.2 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic m
6、atrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement:uni-directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D) or other multi-directional reinforcements. In addition, this testmethod may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D and other multi-directional
7、 continuousfiber reinforcements. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
8、ed as the standard and are in accordance with .1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regul
9、atorylimitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7 for specific precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD6856/D6856M Guide for Testing Fabric-Reinforced “Textile” Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Ve
10、rification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic MaterialsE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison T
11、echniquesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial ForceApplicationSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for U
12、se of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on Ceramic MatrixComposites.Current edition approved July 15, 2011Feb. 15, 2013. Publis
13、hed August 2011April 2013. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asC1359 05.C1359 11. DOI: 10.1520/C1359-11.10.1520/C1359-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
14、STM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically
15、possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standar
16、dCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to tensile testing, advanced ceramics, fiber-reinforced composites as they appear inTerminology E6, Terminology C1145,
17、and Terminology D3878, respectively, apply to the terms used in this test method. Pertinentdefinitions are shown in the following with the appropriate source given in parentheses.Additional terms used in conjunction withthis test method are defined in 3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This St
18、andard:3.2.1 advanced ceramic, nhighly engineered, high-performance predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic materialhaving specific functional attributes. C11453.2.2 axial strain LL1, naverage longitudinal strains measured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis ofsymmetry of
19、 the specimen by two strain-sensing devices located at the mid length of the reduced section. E10123.2.3 bending strain LL1, ndifference between the strain at the surface and the axial strain. In general, the bending strainvaries from point to point around and along the reduced section of the specim
20、en. E10123.2.4 breaking force F, nforce at which fracture occurs. E63.2.5 ceramic matrix composite, nmaterial consisting of two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the major,continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic, while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing compone
21、nt) may beceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or organic in nature. These components are combined on a macroscale to form a usefulengineering material possessing certain properties or behavior not possessed by the individual constituents.3.2.6 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (
22、CFCC), nceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcingphase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or a woven fabric.3.2.7 fracture strength FL2, ntensile stress that the material sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength is calculatedfrom the force at fracture during a ten
23、sion test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. E63.2.7.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the fracture strength may be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fracture is the maximum for the test.3.2.8 gage length L, noriginal length of that portion of the spec
24、imen over which strain or change of length is determined.E63.2.9 matrix-cracking stress FL2, napplied tensile stress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughly parallel blocksnormal to the tensile stress.3.2.9.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated on the str
25、ess-strain curve by deviation from linearity (proportional limit)or incremental drops in the stress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially with materials which do not possess a linearportion of the stress-strain curve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the first stress at wh
26、ich a permanent offset strainis detected in the unloading stress-strain (elastic limit) curve.3.2.10 modulus of elasticity FL2, nratio of stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit. E63.2.11 modulus of resilience FLL3, nstrain energy per unit volume required to elastically stress th
27、e material from zero tothe proportional limit indicating the ability of the material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and return it when unloaded.3.2.12 modulus of toughness FLL3, nstrain energy per unit volume required to stress the material from zero to final fractureindicating the abili
28、ty of the material to absorb energy beyond the elastic range (that is, damage tolerance of the material).3.2.12.1 DiscussionThe modulus of toughness can also be referred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such is regarded as an indication ofthe ability of the material to sustain damage rather
29、 than as a material property. Fracture mechanics methods for the characterizationof CFCCs have not been developed. The determination of the modulus of toughness as provided in this test method for thecharacterization of the cumulative damage process in CFCCs may become obsolete when fracture mechani
30、cs methods for CFCCsbecome available.3.2.13 proportional limit stress FL2, ngreatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation fromproportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law). E63.2.13.1 DiscussionC1359 132Many experiments have shown that values observed for the pro
31、portional limit vary greatly with the sensitivity and accuracy of thetesting equipment, eccentricity of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is plotted, and other factors. Whendetermination of proportional limit is required, the procedure and sensitivity of the test equipment shall
32、be specified.3.2.14 percent bending, nbending strain times 100 divided by the axial strain. E10123.2.15 slow crack growth (SCG), nsubcritical crack growth (extension) which may result from, but is not restricted to, suchmechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion or diffusive crack growt
33、h. C11453.2.16 tensile strength FL2, nmaximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength iscalculated from the maximum force during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.E64. Significance and Use4.1 This test method ma
34、y be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, reliabilityassessment, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by crystalline matrices and ceramic fiberreinforcements are candidate mate
35、rials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, andelevated-temperature inherent damage tolerance (that is, toughness). In addition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass (amorphous)matrix composites are candidate materials for similar but possibly less-demandi
36、ng applications.Although flexural test methods arecommonly used to evaluate strengths of monolithic advanced ceramics, the non-uniform stress distribution of the flexure testspecimen in addition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension and compression for CFCCs leads to ambiguity of interpretati
37、onof strength results obtained from flexure tests for CFCCs. Uniaxially-loaded tensile-strength tests provide information onmechanical behavior and strength for a uniformly stressed material.4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics that fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs gen
38、erallyexperience graceful (that is, non-catastrophic, ductile-like stress-strain behavior) fracture from a cumulative damage process.Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially-loaded tensile test may not be assignificant a factor in determining th
39、e ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number oftensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strengths of the brittle fibers andmatrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing cond
40、ition is required for statistical analysis and design.Studies to determine the influence of test specimen volume or surface area on strength distributions for CFCCs have not beencompleted. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile test specimen geometries
41、 withdifferent volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stressstates are required to effectively evaluate any non-linear stress
42、-strain behavior that may develop as the result of cumulative damageprocesses (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, and so forth) that may be influencedby testing mode, testing rate, effects of processing or combinations of constituent materials, enviro
43、nmental influences, or elevatedtemperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or sub critical (slow) crack growth that can beminimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.4.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to
44、standardized dimensions from a particular material or selectedportions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end productor its in-service behavior in different environments or various elevated temperatures.4.6 For quality contr
45、ol purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of theresponse of the material from which they were taken for the particular primary processing conditions and post-processing heattreatments.4.7 The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC are depende
46、nt on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, ordamage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this testmethod, is recommended.5. Interferences5.1 Test environment (vacuum, inert gas, ambient air, etc.) including
47、 moisture content (for example, relative humidity) mayhave an influence on the measured tensile strength. In particular, the behavior of materials susceptible to slow crack growth fracturewill be strongly influenced by test environment, testing rate, and elevated temperature of the test. Conduct tes
48、ts to evaluate themaximum strength potential of a material in inert environments or at sufficiently rapid testing rates, or both, to minimize slow crackgrowth effects. Conversely, conduct tests in environments or at test modes, or both, and rates representative of service conditionsto evaluate mater
49、ial performance under use conditions. Monitor and report relative humidity (RH) and temperature when testingis conducted in uncontrolled ambient air with the intent of evaluating maximum strength potential. Testing at humidity levels65 % RH is not recommended.C1359 1335.2 Surface preparation of test specimens, although normally not considered a major concern in CFCCs, can introducefabrication flaws which may have pronounced effects on tensile mechanical properties and behavior (for example, shape and levelof the resulting s
