1、Designation: C1359 181Standard Test Method forMonotonic Tensile Strength Testing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics With Solid RectangularCross Section Test Specimens at Elevated Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1359; the number immediately following th
2、e designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFig. 12 was updated editorially
3、 in September 2018.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensilestrength, including stress-strain behavior, under monotonicuniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ce-ramics at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses,but is not restricted to, various sug
4、gested test specimengeometries as listed in the appendixes. In addition, testspecimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force,displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stressrate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending,temperature control, temperature gradients, a
5、nd data collectionand reporting procedures are addressed. Tensile strength asused in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtainedunder monotonic uniaxial loading, where monotonic refers to acontinuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from testinitiation to final fracture.1.2 This test
6、 method applies primarily to advanced ceramicmatrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidi-rectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D) orother multi-directional reinforcements. In addition, this testmethod may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrixcomposites with 1
7、D, 2D, 3D, and other multi-directionalcontinuous fiber reinforcements. This test method does notdirectly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the testmethods detailed here may be equally applicable to thesecomposites.1.3 The values
8、stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and
9、 environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Refer to Section 7 for specific precautions.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Prin
10、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsD3379 Test Method for Tensile Strength andYoungs Modu-l
11、us for High-Modulus Single-Filament MaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD6856/D6856M Guide for Testing Fabric-Reinforced “Tex-tile” Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE21 Test Methods for Ele
12、vatedTemperatureTensionTests ofMetallic MaterialsE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-pe
13、ratures)E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce ApplicationIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for MetricPractice1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct re
14、sponsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 onCeramic Matrix Composites.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1359 13. DOI:10.1520/C1359-18E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
15、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
16、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Wo
17、rld Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to tensile testing, ad-vanced ceramics, and fiber-reinforced composites as theyappear in Terminology E6, Terminology C1145, and Terminol-ogy D3878, respectively, appl
18、y to the terms used in this testmethod. Pertinent definitions are shown in the following withthe appropriate source given in bold text.Additional terms usedin conjunction with this test method are defined in 3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced ceramic, nhighly engin
19、eered, high-performance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramicmaterial having specific functional attributes. C11453.2.2 axial strain LL1, naverage longitudinal strainsmeasured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinalaxis of symmetry of the specimen by two strain sensing devicesl
20、ocated at the mid length of the reduced section. E10123.2.3 bending strain LL1, ndifference between thestrain at the surface and the axial strain. In general, the bendingstrain varies from point to point around and along the reducedsection of the specimen. E10123.2.4 breaking force F, nforce at whic
21、h fracture occurs.E63.2.5 ceramic matrix composite, nmaterial consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic,while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component)may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or
22、 organic innature. These components are combined on a macroscale toform a useful engineering material possessing certain proper-ties or behavior not possessed by the individual constituents.C11453.2.6 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite(CFCC), nceramic matrix composite in which the
23、reinforc-ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or awoven fabric. C11453.2.7 fracture strength FL2, ntensile stress that thematerial sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength iscalculated from the force at fracture during a tension testcarried to rupture and the orig
24、inal cross-sectional area of thespecimen. E63.2.7.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the fracture strengthmay be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fractureis the maximum for the test.3.2.8 gage length L, noriginal length of that portion ofthe specimen over which strain or change of length is
25、determined. E63.2.9 matrix-cracking stress FL2, napplied tensilestress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughlyparallel blocks normal to the tensile stress. C11453.2.9.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix-crackingstress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviationfrom lineari
26、ty (proportional limit) or incremental drops in thestress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially withmaterials which do not possess a linear portion of the stress-strain curve, the matrix-cracking stress may be indicated as thefirst stress at which a permanent offset strain is detected i
27、n theunloading stress-strain (elastic limit) curve.3.2.10 modulus of elasticity FL2, nratio of stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit. E63.2.11 modulus of resilience FLL3, nstrain energy perunit volume required to elastically stress the material from zeroto the proportional limit
28、, indicating the ability of the material toabsorb energy when deformed elastically and return it whenunloaded. C11453.2.12 modulus of toughness FLL3, nstrain energy perunit volume required to stress the material from zero to finalfracture, indicating the ability of the material to absorb energybeyon
29、d the elastic range (that is, damage tolerance of thematerial). C11453.2.12.1 DiscussionThe modulus of toughness can also bereferred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such isregarded as an indication of the ability of the material to sustaindamage rather than as a material property. Fracture
30、 mechanicsmethods for the characterization of CFCCs have not beendeveloped. The determination of the modulus of toughness asprovided in this test method for the characterization of thecumulative damage process in CFCCs may become obsoletewhen fracture mechanics methods for CFCCs become avail-able.3.
31、2.13 proportional limit stress FL2, ngreatest stresswhich a material is capable of sustaining without any deviationfrom proportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law). E63.2.13.1 DiscussionMany experiments have shown thatvalues observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with thesensitivity a
32、nd accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricityof loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram isplotted, and other factors. When determination of proportionallimit is required, the procedure and sensitivity of the testequipment shall be specified.3.2.14 percent bending, nbending strain
33、times 100 dividedby the axial strain. E10123.2.15 slow crack growth (SCG), nsubcritical crackgrowth (extension) which may result from, but is not restrictedto, such mechanisms as environmentally assisted stress corro-sion or diffusive crack growth. C11453.2.16 tensile strength FL2, nmaximum tensile
34、stresswhich a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength iscalculated from the maximum force during a tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of thespecimen. E64. Significance and Use4.1 This test method may be used for material development,material comparison,
35、quality assurance, characterization, reli-ability assessment, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix compositesgenerally characterized by crystalline matrices and ceramicfiber reinforcements are candidate materials for structuralapplications requiring high degrees
36、of wear and corrosionresistance, and elevated-temperature inherent damage toler-ance (that is, toughness). In addition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass (amorphous) matrix composites are candidateC1359 1812materials for similar but possibly less demanding applications.Although flexural test methods
37、 are commonly used to evaluatestrengths of monolithic advanced ceramics, the nonuniformstress distribution of the flexure test specimen, in addition todissimilar mechanical behavior in tension and compression forCFCCs, leads to ambiguity of interpretation of strength resultsobtained from flexure tes
38、ts for CFCCs. Uniaxially loadedtensile strength tests provide information on mechanical be-havior and strength for a uniformly stressed material.4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics that fracture cata-strophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generallyexperience “graceful” (that is, non-cat
39、astrophic, ductile-likestress-strain behavior) fracture from a cumulative damageprocess. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to auniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile testmay not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimatestrengths of CFCCs. However, the ne
40、ed to test a statisticallysignificant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated.Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strengthsof the brittle fibers and matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient numberof test specimens at each testing condition is required forstatistical analysis and de
41、sign. Studies to determine the influ-ence of test specimen volume or surface area on strengthdistributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should benoted that tensile strengths obtained using different recom-mended tensile test specimen geometries with different vol-umes of material in the gag
42、e sections may be different due tothese volume differences.4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength anddeformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uni-form stress states are required to effectively evaluate anynonlinear stress-strain behavior that may develop as the result
43、of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking,matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, and soforth) that may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate,effects of processing or combinations of constituent materials,environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some
44、 ofthese effects may be consequences of stress corrosion orsubcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized bytesting at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.4.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricatedto standardized dimensions from a particular material or
45、selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally representthe strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-sizeend product or its in-service behavior in different environmentsor various elevated temperatures.4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from stan-dardized tensile
46、 test specimens may be considered indicative ofthe response of the material from which they were taken for theparticular primary processing conditions and post-processingheat treatments.4.7 The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC aredependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence
47、offlaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis offracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope ofthis test method, is recommended.5. Interferences5.1 Test environment (vacuum, inert gas, ambient air, etc.),including moisture content (for example, relative humidity),may ha
48、ve an influence on the measured tensile strength. Inparticular, the behavior of materials susceptible to slow crackgrowth fracture will be strongly influenced by testenvironment, testing rate, and elevated temperature of the test.Conduct tests to evaluate the maximum strength potential of amaterial
49、in inert environments or at sufficiently rapid testingrates, or both, to minimize slow crack growth effects.Conversely, conduct tests in environments or at test modes, orboth, and rates representative of service conditions to evaluatematerial performance under use conditions. Monitor and reportrelative humidity (RH) and temperature when testing is con-ducted in uncontrolled ambient air with the intent of evaluatingmaximum strength potential. Testing at humidity levels 65 %RH is not recommended.5.2 Surface preparation of test s
