1、Designation: C 136 06Standard Test Method forSieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle
3、size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.1.2 Some specifications for aggregates which reference thistest method contain grading requirements including bothcoarse and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieveanalysis of such aggregates.1.3 The values stated in SI units are
4、 to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-tion purposes only. Specification E11designates the size ofsieve frames with inch units as standard, but in this test methodthe frame size is designated in SI units exactly equivalent to theinch units.1.4 This standar
5、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
6、 Standards:2C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No.200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-ShieldingConcreteC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test
7、Methods for Construction MaterialsC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO No. T 27 Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregates33. Terminology3.1 Defini
8、tionsFor definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, refer to Terminology C 125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separatedthrough a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings fordetermination of particle size distribution.5. Significance and Use5.1 Thi
9、s test method is used primarily to determine thegrading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or beingused as aggregates. The results are used to determine compli-ance of the particle size distribution with applicable specifica-tion requirements and to provide necessary data for control ofthe
10、production of various aggregate products and mixturescontaining aggregates. The data may also be useful in devel-oping relationships concerning porosity and packing.5.2 Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-m(No. 200) sieve cannot be achieved by use of this test methodalone. Test Meth
11、od C117for material finer than 75-m sieveby washing should be employed.5.3 Refer to methods of sampling and testing in Specifica-tion C 637 for heavyweight aggregates.6. Apparatus6.1 BalancesBalances or scales used in testing fine andcoarse aggregate shall have readability and accuracy as fol-lows:6
12、.1.1 For fine aggregate, readable to 0.1 g and accurate to0.1 g or 0.1 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at anypoint within the range of use.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC0
13、9.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 136 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
14、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials, 444 North Capitol St. N.W., Suite 225, Washington, DC 20001.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at th
15、e end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.2 For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine and coarseaggregate, readable and accurate to 0.5 g or 0.1 % of the testload, whichever is greater, at any point wi
16、thin the range of use.6.2 SievesThe sieve cloth shall be mounted on substantialframes constructed in a manner that will prevent loss ofmaterial during sieving. The sieve cloth and standard sieveframes shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11.Nonstandard sieve frames shall conform to th
17、e requirements ofSpecification E11as applicable.NOTE 1It is recommended that sieves mounted in frames larger thanstandard 203.2-mm (8 in.) diameter be used for testing coarse aggregate toreduce the possibility of overloading the sieves. See 8.3.6.3 Mechanical Sieve ShakerA mechanical sieving de-vice
18、, if used, shall create motion of the sieves to cause theparticles to bounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so as to presentdifferent orientations to the sieving surface. The sieving actionshall be such that the criterion for adequacy of sievingdescribed in 8.4 is met in a reasonable time period.NOTE 2U
19、se of a mechanical sieve shaker is recommended when thesize of the sample is 20 kg or greater, and may be used for smallersamples, including fine aggregate. Excessive time (more than approxi-mately 10 min) to achieve adequate sieving may result in degradation ofthe sample. The same mechanical sieve
20、shaker may not be practical for allsizes of samples, since the large sieving area needed for practical sievingof a large nominal size coarse aggregate very likely could result in loss ofa portion of the sample if used for a small sample of coarse aggregate orfine aggregate.6.4 OvenAn oven of appropr
21、iate size capable of main-taining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5 C (230 6 9 F).7. Sampling7.1 Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D75.The size of the field sample shall be the quantity shown inPractice D75or four times the quantity required in 7.4 and 7.5(except as modified in 7.6), w
22、hichever is greater.7.2 Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amountsuitable for testing using the applicable procedures described inPractice C 702. The sample for test shall be approximately thequantity desired when dry and shall be the end result of thereduction. Reduction to an exact pred
23、etermined quantity shallnot be permitted.NOTE 3Where sieve analysis, including determination of materialfiner than the 75-m sieve, is the only testing proposed, the size of thesample may be reduced in the field to avoid shipping excessive quantitiesof extra material to the laboratory.7.3 Fine Aggreg
24、ateThe size of the test sample, afterdrying, shall be 300 g minimum.7.4 Coarse AggregateThe size of the test sample ofcoarse aggregate shall conform with the following:Nominal Maximum Size,Square Openings, mm (in.)Test Sample Size,min, kg (lb)9.5 (38) 1 (2)12.5 (12) 2 (4)19.0 (34)5()25.0 (1) 10 (22)
25、37.5 (112) 15 (33)50 (2) 20 (44)63 (212) 35 (77)75 (3) 60 (130)90 (312) 100 (220)100 (4) 150 (330)125 (5) 300 (660)7.5 Coarse and Fine Aggregate MixturesThe size of thetest sample of coarse and fine aggregate mixtures shall be thesame as for coarse aggregate in 7.4.7.6 Samples of Large Size Coarse A
26、ggregateThe size ofsample required for aggregate with 50-mm nominal maximumsize or larger is such as to preclude convenient samplereduction and testing as a unit except with large mechanicalsplitters and sieve shakers. As an option when such equipmentis not available, instead of combining and mixing
27、 sampleincrements and then reducing the field sample to testing size,conduct the sieve analysis on a number of approximately equalsample increments such that the total mass tested conforms tothe requirement of 7.4.7.7 In the event that the amount of material finer than the75-m (No. 200) sieve is to
28、be determined by Test MethodC117, proceed as follows:7.7.1 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size of 12.5mm (1/2 in.) or less, use the same test sample for testing byTest Method C117and this test method. First test the samplein accordance with Test Method C117through the final dryingoperation, t
29、hen dry sieve the sample as stipulated in 8.2-8.7 ofthis test method.7.7.2 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size greaterthan 12.5 mm (12 in.), use a single test sample as described in7.7.1, or optionally use separate test samples for Test MethodC117and this test method.7.7.3 Where the specifica
30、tions require determination of thetotal amount of material finer than the 75-m sieve by washingand dry sieving, use the procedure described in 7.7.1.8. Procedure8.1 Dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of 1106 5 C (230 6 9 F).NOTE 4For control purposes, particularly where rapid results a
31、redesired, it is generally not necessary to dry coarse aggregate for the sieveanalysis test. The results are little affected by the moisture content unless:(1) the nominal maximum size is smaller than about 12.5 mm (12 in.); (2)the coarse aggregate contains appreciable material finer than 4.75 mm(No
32、. 4); or (3) the coarse aggregate is highly absorptive (a lightweightaggregate, for example). Also, samples may be dried at the highertemperatures associated with the use of hot plates without affectingresults, provided steam escapes without generating pressures sufficient tofracture the particles,
33、and temperatures are not so great as to causechemical breakdown of the aggregate.8.2 Select sieves with suitable openings to furnish theinformation required by the specifications covering the mate-rial to be tested. Use additional sieves as desired or necessaryto provide other information, such as f
34、ineness modulus, or toregulate the amount of material on a sieve. Nest the sieves inorder of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom andplace the sample on the top sieve.Agitate the sieves by hand orby mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period, established bytrial or checked by measurement
35、on the actual test sample, tomeet the criterion for adequacy or sieving described in 8.4.8.3 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that allparticles have opportunity to reach sieve openings a number oftimes during the sieving operation. For sieves with openingsC136062smaller than 4.75-m
36、m (No. 4), the quantity retained on anysieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall notexceed 7 kg/m2of sieving surface area (Note 5). For sieveswith openings 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, the quantityretained in kg shall not exceed the product of 2.5 3 (sieveopening, mm 3 (effective sieving
37、 area, m2). This quantity isshown in Table 1 for five sieve-frame dimensions in commonuse. In no case shall the quantity retained be so great as tocause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth.8.3.1 Prevent an overload of material on an individual sieveby one of the following methods:8.3.1.1 Insert
38、 an additional sieve with opening size interme-diate between the sieve that may be overloaded and the sieveimmediately above that sieve in the original set of sieves.8.3.1.2 Split the sample into two or more portions, sievingeach portion individually. Combine the masses of the severalportions retain
39、ed on a specific sieve before calculating thepercentage of the sample on the sieve.8.3.1.3 Use sieves having a larger frame size and providinggreater sieving area.NOTE 5The 7 kg/m2amounts to 200 g for the usual 203.2-mm (8-in.)diameter sieve (with effective sieving surface diameter of 190.5 mm (7.5i
40、n.).8.4 Continue sieving for a sufficient period and in suchmanner that, after completion, not more than 1 % by mass ofthe material retained on any individual sieve will pass thatsieve during 1 min of continuous hand sieving performed asfollows: Hold the individual sieve, provided with a snug-fittin
41、gpan and cover, in a slightly inclined position in one hand.Strike the side of the sieve sharply and with an upward motionagainst the heel of the other hand at the rate of about 150 timesper minute, turn the sieve about one sixth of a revolution atintervals of about 25 strokes. In determining suffic
42、iency ofsieving for sizes larger than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, limitthe material on the sieve to a single layer of particles. If the sizeof the mounted testing sieves makes the described sievingmotion impractical, use 203-mm (8 in.) diameter sieves toverify the sufficiency of sieving.8.5 In the ca
43、se of coarse and fine aggregate mixtures, referto 8.3.1 to prevent overloading of individual sieves.8.5.1 Optionally, reduce the portion finer than the 4.75-mm(No. 4) sieve using a mechanical splitter according to PracticeC 702. If this procedure is followed, compute the mass of eachsize increment o
44、f the original sample as follows:A 5W1W23 B (1)where:A = mass of size increment on total sample basis,W1= mass of fraction finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve intotal sample,W2= mass of reduced portion of material finer than4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve actually sieved, andB = mass of size increment in reduced
45、 portion sieved.8.6 Unless a mechanical sieve shaker is used, hand sieveparticles larger than 75 mm (3 in.) by determining the smallestsieve opening through which each particle will pass. Start thetest on the smallest sieve to be used. Rotate the particles, ifnecessary, in order to determine whether
46、 they will pass througha particular opening; however, do not force particles to passthrough an opening.8.7 Determine the mass of each size increment on a scale orbalance conforming to the requirements specified in 5.1 to thenearest 0.1 % of the total original dry sample mass. The totalmass of the ma
47、terial after sieving should check closely withoriginal mass of sample placed on the sieves. If the amountsdiffer by more than 0.3 %, based on the original dry samplemass, the results should not be used for acceptance purposes.8.8 If the sample has previously been tested by Test MethodC117, add the m
48、ass finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sievedetermined by that test method to the mass passing the 75-m(No. 200) sieve by dry sieving of the same sample in this testmethod.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate percentages passing, total percentages re-tained, or percentages in various size fractions to the nearest
49、0.1 % on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. Ifthe same test sample was first tested by Test Method C117,include the mass of material finer than the 75-m (No. 200)size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use thetotal dry sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C117as the basis for calculating all the percentages.9.1.1 When sample increments are tested as provided in 7.6,total the masses of the portion of the increments retained oneach sieve, and use these masses to calculate the percentages asin 9.1.9.2 Calculat
