1、Designation: C1360 10Standard Practice forConstant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigueof Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics atAmbient Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1360; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the determination of constant-amplitu
3、de, axial tension-tension cyclic fatigue behavior andperformance of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramiccomposites (CFCCs) at ambient temperatures. This practicebuilds on experience and existing standards in tensile testingCFCCs at ambient temperatures and addresses various sug-gested test s
4、pecimen geometries, specimen fabrication meth-ods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control),testing rates and frequencies, allowable bending, and proce-dures for data collection and reporting. This practice does notapply to axial cyclic fatigue tests of components or parts (thatis, mac
5、hine elements with nonuniform or multiaxial stressstates).1.2 This practice applies primarily to advanced ceramicmatrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni-directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D)or other multi-directional reinforcements. In addition, thispr
6、actice may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrixcomposites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, and other multi-directionalcontinuous fiber reinforcements. This practice does not directlyaddress discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced orparticulate-reinforced ceramics, although the methods detailedhe
7、re may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
8、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7for specific precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsC1275 Test Method for Monoton
9、ic Tensile Behavior ofContinuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics withSolid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambi-ent TemperatureD3479/D3479M Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigueof Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verif
10、ication of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E467 Practice for Verification
11、of Constant Amplitude Dy-namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing SystemE468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-tigue Test Results for Metallic MaterialsE739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linear-ized Stress-Life ( S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue DataE1012 Practice
12、 for Verification of Test Frame and SpecimenAlignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial ForceApplicationE1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to FatigueE1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-ingIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI) (The Modern Met
13、ric System)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on AdvancedCeramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on CeramicMatrix Composites.Current edition approved July 15, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1996. L
14、ast previous edition approved in 2007 as C1360 01 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/C1360-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
15、nthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to advanced ceramics,fiber-reinforced composites, tensile testing
16、, and cyclic fatigueas they appear in Terminology C1145, Terminology D3878,Terminology E6, and Terminology E1823, respectively, applyto the terms used in this practice. Selected terms with defini-tions non specific to this practice follow in 3.2 with theappropriate source given in parenthesis. Terms
17、 specific to thispractice are defined in 3.3.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced ceramic, nA highly engineered, highperformance predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramicmaterial having specific functional attributes. (See Terminol-ogy C1145.)3.2.2 axial strain LL1,
18、 nthe average longitudinalstrains measured at the surface on opposite sides of thelongitudinal axis of symmetry of the test specimen by twostrain-sensing devices located at the mid length of the reducedsection. (See Practice E1012.)3.2.3 bending strain LL1, nthe difference between thestrain at the s
19、urface and the axial strain. In general, the bendingstrain varies from point to point around and along the reducedsection of the test specimen. (See Practice E1012.)3.2.4 ceramic matrix composite, na material consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuou
20、s component (matrix component) is a ceramic,while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component)may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic innature. These components are combined on a macroscale toform a useful engineering material possessing certain proper-ties or behavior not posse
21、ssed by the individual constituents.(See Test Method C1275.)3.2.5 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite(CFCC), na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or awoven fabric. (See Terminology C1145.)3.2.6 constant amplitud
22、e loading, nin cyclic fatigue load-ing, a loading in which all peak loads are equal and all of thevalley loads are equal. (See Terminology E1823.)3.2.7 cyclic fatigue, nthe process of progressive localizedpermanent structural change occurring in a material subjectedto conditions that produce fluctua
23、ting stresses and strains atsome point or points and that may culminate in cracks orcomplete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. (SeeTerminology E1823.) See Fig. 1 for nomenclature relevant tocyclic fatigue testing.3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn glass technology static tests of con-siderable d
24、uration are called “static fatigue” tests, a type of testgenerally designated as stress-rupture.3.2.7.2 DiscussionFluctuations may occur both in forceand with time (frequency) as in the case of “random vibration.”3.2.8 cyclic fatigue life, Nfthe number of loading cycles ofa specified character that
25、a given test specimen sustains beforefailure of a specified nature occurs. (See Terminology E1823.)3.2.9 cyclic fatigue limit, SfFL2, nthe limiting value ofthe median cyclic fatigue strength as the cyclic fatigue life, Nf,becomes very large, (for example, Nf 106107). (See Termi-nology E1823.)3.2.9.1
26、 DiscussionCertain materials and environmentspreclude the attainment of a cyclic fatigue limit. Valuestabulated as “fatigue limits” in the literature are frequently (butnot always) values of Sfat 50 % survival at Nfcycles of stressin which the mean stress, Sm, equals zero.3.2.10 cyclic fatigue stren
27、gth SN, FL2, nthe limitingvalue of the median cyclic fatigue strength at a particular cyclicfatigue life, Nf(See Terminology E1823).3.2.11 gage length, L, nthe original length of thatportion of the test specimen over which strain or change oflength is determined. (See Terminology E6.)3.2.12 force ra
28、tio, nin cyclic fatigue loading, the alge-braic ratio of the two loading parameters of a cycle; the mostwidely used ratios (See Terminology E1150, E1823):R 5minimum forcemaximum forceor R 5valley forcepeak forceandA 5force amplitudemean forceor A 5maximum force minimum force!maximum force 1 minimum
29、force!3.2.13 matrix-cracking stress FL2, nThe applied ten-sile stress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughlyparallel blocks normal to the tensile stress. (See Test MethodC1275.)3.2.13.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix-crackingstress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by dev
30、iationfrom linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in thestress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially withmaterials that do not possess a linear portion of the stress-straincurve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the firststress at which a permanent offset stra
31、in is detected in theunloading stress-strain curve (elastic limit).3.2.14 modulus of elasticity FL2, nThe ratio of stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit. (See Termi-nology E6.)3.2.15 proportional limit stress FL2, nthe greateststress that a material is capable of sustaining with
32、out anydeviation from proportionality of stress to strain (Hookeslaw). (See Terminology E6.)3.2.15.1 DiscussionMany experiments have shown thatvalues observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with theFIG. 1 Cyclic Fatigue Nomenclature and Wave FormsC1360 102sensitivity and accuracy of the tes
33、ting equipment, eccentricityof loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram isplotted, and other factors. When determination of proportionallimit is required, specify the procedure and sensitivity of thetest equipment.3.2.16 percent bending, nthe bending strain times 100divided by the axial
34、 strain. (See Practice E1012.)3.2.17 S-N diagram, na plot of stress versus the numberof cycles to failure. The stress can be maximum stress, Smax,minimum stress, Smin, stress range, DS or Sr, or stress ampli-tude, Sa. The diagram indicates the S-N relationship for aspecified value of Sm, A , R and a
35、 specified probability ofsurvival. ForN,alogscale is almost always used, although alinear scale may also be used. For S, a linear scale is usuallyused, although a log scale may also be used. (See TerminologyE1150 and Practice E468.)3.2.18 slow crack growth, nsub-critical crack growth(extension) that
36、 may result from, but is not restricted to, suchmechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion ordiffusive crack growth (See Test Method C1275).3.2.19 tensile strength FL2, nthe maximum tensilestress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensilestrength is calculated from the maximum f
37、orce during a tensiontest carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area ofthe test specimen. (See Terminology E6.)3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 fracture strength FL2, nthe tensile stress that thematerial sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength isc
38、alculated from the force at fracture during a tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of thetest specimen.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the fracture strengthmay be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fractureis the maximum for the test.3.3.2 maximum stre
39、ss, SminFL2, nthe maximum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.3 mean stress,SaFL2,nthe difference between themean stress and the maximum or minimum stress such thatSm5Smax1 Smin2(1)3.3.4 minimum stress, SminFL2, nthe minimum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.5 stress amplitude, SaFL2, nthe
40、 difference betweenthe mean stress and the maximum stress such thatSa5Smax2 Smin25 Smax2 Sm5 Sm2 Smin(2)3.3.6 stress range, DSorSrFL2, nthe difference be-tween the maximum stress and the minimum stress such thatDS 5 Sr5 Smax2 Smin(3)3.3.7 time to cyclic fatigue failure, tft, ntotal elapsedtime from
41、test initiation to test termination required to reach thenumber of cycles to failure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice may be used for material development,material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, reli-ability assessment, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinfo
42、rced ceramic matrix compositesare generally characterized by crystalline matrices and ceramicfiber reinforcements. These materials are candidate materialsfor structural applications requiring high degrees of wear andcorrosion resistance, and high-temperature inherent damagetolerance (that is, toughn
43、ess). In addition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass matrix composites are candidate materials forsimilar but possibly less-demanding applications. Althoughflexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate themechanical behavior of monolithic advanced ceramics, thenon-uniform stress distribution i
44、n a flexural test specimen inaddition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension andcompression for CFCCs leads to ambiguity of interpretation oftest results obtained in flexure for CFCCs. Uniaxially-loadedtensile tests provide information on mechanical behavior for auniformly stressed material.4.
45、3 The cyclic fatigue behavior of CFCCs can have appre-ciable non-linear effects (for example, sliding of fibers withinthe matrix) which may be related to the heat transfer of thespecimen to the surroundings. Changes in test temperature,frequency, and heat removal can affect test results. It may bede
46、sirable to measure the effects of these variables to moreclosely simulate end-use conditions for some specific applica-tion.4.4 Cyclic fatigue by its nature is a probabilistic phenom-enon as discussed in STP91A(Ref (1) and STP588 (Ref (2).3In addition, the strengths of the brittle matrices and fiber
47、s ofCFCCs are probabilistic in nature. Therefore, a sufficientnumber of test specimens at each testing condition is requiredfor statistical analysis and design, with guidelines for sufficientnumbers provided in STP 91A (Ref (1), STP 588 (Ref (2),and Practice E739. Studies to determine the influence
48、of testspecimen volume or surface area on cyclic fatigue strengthdistributions for CFCCs have not been completed. The manydifferent tensile test specimen geometries available for cyclicfatigue testing may result in variations in the measured cyclicfatigue behavior of a particular material due to dif
49、ferences inthe volume of material in the gage section of the test speci-mens.4.5 Tensile cyclic fatigue tests provide information on thematerial response under fluctuating uniaxial tensile stresses.Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate anynonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as theresult of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrixmicrocracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, cyclicfatigue crack growth, etc.)4.6 Cumulative damage due to cyclic fatig
