1、Designation: C1360 10 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forConstant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigueof Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics atAmbient Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1360; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the determination o
3、f constant-amplitude, axial tension-tension cyclic fatigue behavior andperformance of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramiccomposites (CFCCs) at ambient temperatures. This practicebuilds on experience and existing standards in tensile testingCFCCs at ambient temperatures and addresses various
4、 sug-gested test specimen geometries, specimen fabricationmethods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control),testing rates and frequencies, allowable bending, and proce-dures for data collection and reporting. This practice does notapply to axial cyclic fatigue tests of components or pa
5、rts (thatis, machine elements with nonuniform or multiaxial stressstates).1.2 This practice applies primarily to advanced ceramicmatrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni-directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D)or other multi-directional reinforcements. In
6、addition, thispractice may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrixcomposites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, and other multi-directionalcontinuous fiber reinforcements. This practice does not directlyaddress discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced orparticulate-reinforced ceramics, although the me
7、thods detailedhere may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
8、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7for specific precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsC1275 Test Me
9、thod for Monotonic Tensile Behavior ofContinuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics withSolid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Am-bient TemperatureD3479/D3479M Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigueof Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE4 Practices
10、 for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E467 Practice f
11、or Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing SystemE468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-tigue Test Results for Metallic MaterialsE739 Practice for StatisticalAnalysis of Linear or LinearizedStress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (-N) Fatigue DataE10
12、12 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce ApplicationE1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue (Withdrawn1996)3E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture TestingIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSyst
13、em of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on AdvancedCeramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on CeramicMatrix Composites.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 2
14、015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1360 10. DOI:10.1520/C1360-10R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
16、ted States13.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to advanced ceramics,fiber-reinforced composites, tensile testing, and cyclic fatigueas they appear in Terminology C1145, Terminology D3878,Terminology E6, and Terminology E1823, respectively, applyto the terms used in this practice. Selected terms with
17、 defini-tions non specific to this practice follow in 3.2 with theappropriate source given in parenthesis. Terms specific to thispractice are defined in 3.3.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced ceramic, nA highly engineered, high per-formance predominately non-metallic,
18、inorganic, ceramic ma-terial having specific functional attributes. (See TerminologyC1145.)3.2.2 axial strain LL1, nthe average longitudinal strainsmeasured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinalaxis of symmetry of the test specimen by two strain-sensingdevices located at the mid lengt
19、h of the reduced section. (SeePractice E1012.)3.2.3 bending strain LL1, nthe difference between thestrain at the surface and the axial strain. In general, the bendingstrain varies from point to point around and along the reducedsection of the test specimen. (See Practice E1012.)3.2.4 ceramic matrix
20、composite, na material consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic,while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component)may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic innature. These components are
21、combined on a macroscale toform a useful engineering material possessing certain proper-ties or behavior not possessed by the individual constituents.(See Test Method C1275.)3.2.5 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite(CFCC), na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-ing phase
22、consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or awoven fabric. (See Terminology C1145.)3.2.6 constant amplitude loading, nin cyclic fatigueloading, a loading in which all peak loads are equal and all ofthe valley loads are equal. (See Terminology E1823.)3.2.7 cyclic fatigue, nthe process of prog
23、ressive localizedpermanent structural change occurring in a material subjectedto conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and strains atsome point or points and that may culminate in cracks orcomplete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. (SeeTerminology E1823.) See Fig. 1 for nome
24、nclature relevant tocyclic fatigue testing.3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn glass technology static tests of con-siderable duration are called “static fatigue” tests, a type of testgenerally designated as stress-rupture.3.2.7.2 DiscussionFluctuations may occur both in forceand with time (frequency) as in the ca
25、se of “random vibration.”3.2.8 cyclic fatigue life, Nfthe number of loading cycles ofa specified character that a given test specimen sustains beforefailure of a specified nature occurs. (See Terminology E1823.)3.2.9 cyclic fatigue limit, SfFL2, nthe limiting value ofthe median cyclic fatigue streng
26、th as the cyclic fatigue life, Nf,becomes very large, (for example, Nf 106107). (SeeTerminology E1823.)3.2.9.1 DiscussionCertain materials and environmentspreclude the attainment of a cyclic fatigue limit. Valuestabulated as “fatigue limits” in the literature are frequently (butnot always) values of
27、 Sfat 50 % survival at Nfcycles of stressin which the mean stress, Sm, equals zero.3.2.10 cyclic fatigue strength SN, FL2, nthe limitingvalue of the median cyclic fatigue strength at a particular cyclicfatigue life, Nf(See Terminology E1823).3.2.11 gage length, L, nthe original length of thatportion
28、 of the test specimen over which strain or change oflength is determined. (See Terminology E6.)3.2.12 force ratio, nin cyclic fatigue loading, the algebraicratio of the two loading parameters of a cycle; the most widelyused ratios (See Terminology E1150, E1823):R 5minimum forcemaximum forceor R 5val
29、ley forcepeak forceandA 5force amplitudemean forceor A 5maximum force 2 minimum force!maximum force1minimum force!3.2.13 matrix-cracking stress FL2, nThe applied ten-sile stress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughlyparallel blocks normal to the tensile stress. (See Test MethodC1275.)3.
30、2.13.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix-crackingstress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviationfrom linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in thestress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially withmaterials that do not possess a linear portion of the stress-
31、straincurve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the firststress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in theunloading stress-strain curve (elastic limit).3.2.14 modulus of elasticity FL2, nThe ratio of stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit. (See Termi-nology
32、 E6.)3.2.15 proportional limit stress FL2, nthe greateststress that a material is capable of sustaining without anydeviation from proportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law).(See Terminology E6.)FIG. 1 Cyclic Fatigue Nomenclature and Wave FormsC1360 10 (2015)23.2.15.1 DiscussionMany experiments
33、 have shown thatvalues observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with thesensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricityof loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram isplotted, and other factors. When determination of proportionallimit is required, specify the proce
34、dure and sensitivity of thetest equipment.3.2.16 percent bending, nthe bending strain times 100divided by the axial strain. (See Practice E1012.)3.2.17 S-N diagram, na plot of stress versus the number ofcycles to failure. The stress can be maximum stress, Smax,minimum stress, Smin, stress range, S o
35、r Sr, or stressamplitude, Sa. The diagram indicates the S-N relationship for aspecified value of Sm, , R and a specified probability ofsurvival. For N, a log scale is almost always used, although alinear scale may also be used. For S, a linear scale is usuallyused, although a log scale may also be u
36、sed. (See TerminologyE1150 and Practice E468.)3.2.18 slow crack growth, nsub-critical crack growth(extension) that may result from, but is not restricted to, suchmechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion ordiffusive crack growth (See Test Method C1275).3.2.19 tensile strength FL2, nthe
37、 maximum tensilestress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensilestrength is calculated from the maximum force during a tensiontest carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area ofthe test specimen. (See Terminology E6.)3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 frac
38、ture strength FL2, nthe tensile stress that thematerial sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength iscalculated from the force at fracture during a tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of thetest specimen.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the fracture stren
39、gthmay be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fractureis the maximum for the test.3.3.2 maximum stress, SminFL2, nthe maximum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.3 mean stress,SaFL2, nthe difference between themean stress and the maximum or minimum stress such thatSm5Smax1Smin2(1)3
40、.3.4 minimum stress, SminFL2,nthe minimum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.5 stress amplitude, SaFL2,nthe difference betweenthe mean stress and the maximum stress such thatSa5Smax2 Smin25 Smax2 Sm5 Sm2 Smin(2)3.3.6 stress range, SorSrFL2,nthe difference be-tween the maximum stress and the min
41、imum stress such thatS 5 Sr5 Smax2 Smin(3)3.3.7 time to cyclic fatigue failure, tft, ntotal elapsedtime from test initiation to test termination required to reach thenumber of cycles to failure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice may be used for material development,material comparison, quality
42、 assurance, characterization, reli-ability assessment, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix compositesare generally characterized by crystalline matrices and ceramicfiber reinforcements. These materials are candidate materialsfor structural applications requiring
43、 high degrees of wear andcorrosion resistance, and high-temperature inherent damagetolerance (that is, toughness). In addition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass matrix composites are candidate materials forsimilar but possibly less-demanding applications. Althoughflexural test methods are commonly
44、used to evaluate themechanical behavior of monolithic advanced ceramics, thenon-uniform stress distribution in a flexural test specimen inaddition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension andcompression for CFCCs leads to ambiguity of interpretation oftest results obtained in flexure for CFCCs.
45、Uniaxially-loadedtensile tests provide information on mechanical behavior for auniformly stressed material.4.3 The cyclic fatigue behavior of CFCCs can have appre-ciable non-linear effects (for example, sliding of fibers withinthe matrix) which may be related to the heat transfer of thespecimen to t
46、he surroundings. Changes in test temperature,frequency, and heat removal can affect test results. It may bedesirable to measure the effects of these variables to moreclosely simulate end-use conditions for some specific applica-tion.4.4 Cyclic fatigue by its nature is a probabilistic phenom-enon as
47、discussed in STP91A(Ref (1) and STP588 (Ref (2).4In addition, the strengths of the brittle matrices and fibers ofCFCCs are probabilistic in nature. Therefore, a sufficientnumber of test specimens at each testing condition is requiredfor statistical analysis and design, with guidelines for sufficient
48、numbers provided in STP 91A (Ref (1), STP 588 (Ref (2),and Practice E739. Studies to determine the influence of testspecimen volume or surface area on cyclic fatigue strengthdistributions for CFCCs have not been completed. The manydifferent tensile test specimen geometries available for cyclicfatigu
49、e testing may result in variations in the measured cyclicfatigue behavior of a particular material due to differences inthe volume of material in the gage section of the test speci-mens.4.5 Tensile cyclic fatigue tests provide information on thematerial response under fluctuating uniaxial tensile stresses.Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate anynonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as theresult of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrixmicrocracking,
