1、Designation: C 1378 04Standard Test Method forDetermination of Resistance to Staining1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1378; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to determine the resistanceto staining of ceramic tile surfaces.1.2 The resistance to staining is determined by m
3、aintainingtest solutions in contact with ceramic tile surfaces for aspecified period of time. After exposure, the surface is cleanedin a defined manner, and the test specimens are inspectedvisually for change.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
4、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Staining Agents2.1 Contrasting Grout, unsanded tile grout, applied as a neatpaste.2.2 Carbon Lamp Black
5、.22.3 Waterproof Ink Black.32.4 Washable Ink.42.5 Potassium Permanganate Solution, 1 %, prepared from99 % KMnO4crystals, dissolve 1g of reagent into 100 mL ofdistilled water.2.6 Methylene Blue Solution, 1 %.52.7 This test method may be used for exposing tile to anystaining agent deemed appropriate f
6、or the expected serviceconditions and may specify any reasonable combination oftime and temperature for the exposure period. Exposuresubstances, time, and temperatures should be selected so as toeither simulate service conditions, or accelerate staining that ispossible under expected service conditi
7、ons, or bear some othermeaningful relation to expected service conditions.3. Apparatus3.1 Test Tubes, plain end glass test tubes with a diameter of20 mm and a length of 150 mm.3.2 Pipets, glass pipet with a volume of at least 50 mL withgradations in 1-mL increments.3.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a
8、 constant temperature of110 6 5C.3.4 Cloths, a supply of lintless, absorbent clothes or papertowels.3.5 Distilled or Deionized Water, for preparation of thesolutions.3.6 Light Source, standard light source that supplies a 300lux of illumination.3.7 Cleaning Agents.3.7.1 Hot water.3.7.2 Weak cleaning
9、 agent, a commercial agent, not con-taining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.3.7.3 Strong cleaning agent, a commercial cleaning agentcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.3.7.4 Suitable solvents:3 % (v/v) HCI solution, prepared from 38 % hydrochloricacid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochlo
10、ride acidsolution to 951 mL of distilled water.20 % KOH solution (200 g/L), prepared by dissolving 200g of 90 % potassium hydroxide into 1 L of distilled water.Acetone (technical grade).4. Samples4.1 Number of Test SpecimensOne defect-free test speci-men, which is representative of the entire surfac
11、e, for each testsolution is to be used. Test specimens shall be representative ofthe sample, and where tiles have different colors of decorativeeffects, care should be taken to include all distinctive parts.More test specimens may be necessary to incorperate allsurface features.4.2 Size of Specimens
12、The original tile for testing shouldbe cut to 50- by 50-mm squares for testing with each cut piecelabeled according to the testing solution to be applied.4.3 The sample surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned witha suitable solvent, such as acetone and completely dried beforetesting.1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C137897.2
14、Technical grade is available from Fischer Scientific, 2000 Park Lane, Pitts-burgh, PA 15275.3Use permanent black ink, Quint by Parker, or an equivalent.4Use washable blue ink, Quint by Parker, or an equivalent.5Aqueous solution is available from Fischer Scientific, 2000 Park Lane,Pittsburgh, PA 1527
15、5.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 The test specimens can be glazed or unglazed tile. If thetiles are glazed, then the staining agent should be applied to theglazed surface.5. Procedure for Staining Agent Applicati
16、on5.1 Application of the Staining Agent:5.1.1 Dry the test specimens thoroughly at 110 6 5Cbefore testing and then cool the tile to room temperature.5.1.2 The labeled test specimens are laid out on a table in awell-ventilated area.NOTE 1Precaution: This test method involves the use of chemicalsubsta
17、nces. Proper precautions for the handling of these chemicals shouldbe taken, such as protective clothing and fume hoods.5.1.3 Transfer 5mL of the liquid staining agent described in2.3-2.6 to a test tube.5.1.4 Place the surface to be tested of the tile face down onthe open end of the test tube.5.1.5
18、While firmly holding the test tube and tile assemblytogether, invert the assembly so that the back of the tile isfacing the table and the closed end of the test tube is facing up.5.1.6 Carefully place the assembly on the table and leaveundisturbed for 24 h.5.1.7 For the dry staining agents described
19、 in 2.1 and 2.2,apply a generous amount of the staining agent with a cloth inthe center of the test specimen, being sure to leave someunexposed area for comparison. The grout described in 2.1should be mixed with enough distilled water to make a neatpaste before application. For light-colored tile, b
20、lack groutshould be used, and for dark tile, white grout should be used.5.2 Removal of the Test Solutions:5.2.1 After 24 h of contact between the test specimens andthe liquid staining agents has expired, again invert the assem-bly so that the test solution is contained in the test tube, andremove th
21、e test tube from the specimen and dispose of thestaining agent properly.5.2.2 For the solid staining agents, proceed directly to thecleaning procedures.5.3 Cleaning ProceduresThe following cleaning proce-dures (A, B, C, and D) will be tried in succession until one ofthe procedures is successful at r
22、emoving the stain. If the firstprocedure is successful, it is not necessary to try the remainingthree procedures. After each cleaning procedure, the samplesare dried thoroughly at 110 6 5C and cooled to roomtemperature.5.3.1 Procedure AFlow of running hot water for 5 min;the surface then is wiped wi
23、th a damp cloth.5.3.2 Procedure BHand cleaning with the weak cleaningagent (3.7.2); a natural, unabrading sponge or a cloth can beused. The surface then is rinsed with running water and finallywiped with a damp cloth.5.3.3 Procedure CMechanical cleaning such as a rotatingbrush with hard bristles hav
24、ing a 8-cm diameter and automaticcleaning agent feed using the strong cleaning agent (3.7.3). Thecleaning action is applied for approximately 2 min, then thesurface is rinsed with running water and finally wiped with adamp cloth.5.3.4 Procedure DImmersion, for 24 h, of the test speci-mens in the sui
25、table solvent listed in 3.7.4 that is capable ofremoving the stain.5.4 Dry the specimens thoroughly at 110 6 5C and cool toroom temperature before evaluation.6. Evaluation of Results6.1 Visual EvaluationExamine the surface at a standarddistance of 25 cm and a standard illumination of approximately30
26、0 lux. Rotate the sample to examine it from multiple angles.Examine for differences in appearance between the treated anduntreated area. If the sample is stained visibly by the stainingagent, then the results of that testing solution will be recordedas “affected.”7. Report7.1 Make out a report with
27、each of the staining agents used(see Fig. 1);7.2 Identify the tile being tested by type, size, and statewhether glazed or unglazed;7.3 State the test conditions, that is, type of staining agentsused, temperatures maintained during the test, and length ofexposure; and7.4 Report the results of the vis
28、ual inspection for each tileby the simple statements “affected” or “not affected.”8. Precision and Bias8.1 Qualitative ProcedureThis test method is a qualitativeor passfail test; hence, precision and bias are not applicable.C1378042ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any
29、patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revis
30、ion at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your c
31、omments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrig
32、hted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Sample Test CertificateC1378043
