1、Designation: C140/C140M 14Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide
3、 various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not al
4、l methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(Specifications C55
5、, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concrete block(Specific
6、ation D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Refer
7、enced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11SectionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnex A3Co
8、ncrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnex A7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnex A8Worksheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing labo
9、ratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independe
10、ntly of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and h
11、ealth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Sp
12、ecification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnits1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published M
13、arch 2014. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C140 13a. DOI:10.1520/C0140_C0140M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
14、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC93
15、6/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete InterlockingPaving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining WallUnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete
16、 Roof PaversC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Ar-ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verific
17、ation of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of
18、 concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These
19、 test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicab
20、leto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens sha
21、ll be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units or related units of any configuration or dimen-sion manufactured by the producer using the same materials,concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curi
22、ngmethod.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, aset of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, forthe compressive strength, absorption, unit weight (density),and moisture content determinations,
23、one set of units shall beselected from each lot of 10 000 units or fraction thereof andtwo sets of units from each lot of more than 10 000 and lessthan 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, one setof units shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot
24、. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (includingthe cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it
25、 may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relat
26、ionships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the conte
27、xt of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime re
28、ferences, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measurespecimen
29、 dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1in. 2.5 mm when the dimension is to be reported to thenearest 0.1 in. 2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in. 0.25 mmwhen the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.01 in.0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate tothe divi
30、sion required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verifiedat least once annually. Verification record shall include date ofverification, person or agency performing verification, identi-fication of reference standard used, test points used duringverification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensT
31、hree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on
32、opposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division requiredto be reported. Document location of each measurement on asketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the
33、appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate forthese measurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:C140/C140M 1427.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal b
34、lock firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface held in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least 0.25 in. 6 mm clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens
35、whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accor-dance with Annex A8) shall be at least 6 in. 150 mm. Ahardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the
36、upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of
37、 the steel plate shall be atleast 0.25 in. 6 mm greater than the length and width of theunits.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces
38、by more than 0.001 in. 0.025 mmin any 6 in. 150 mm dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has asignificant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending resu
39、lts in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with
40、 increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accura
41、cy in the compression testresults so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.NOTE 8Annex A8 includes guidance on determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in acc
42、ordancewith Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When theun
43、its cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configurationor testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. 13mm on all sides) continuously in air
44、 at a temperature of 75 615F 24 6 8C and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression results arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a period of not
45、 less than 4 h. Continuepassing air over the specimens until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shall not be s
46、ubjected to oven-drying.NOTE 9In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption speci
47、mens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepres
48、entative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper h
49、ardness. Following cutting, residue fromthe cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuingtesting (see Note 10). If the specimen is wetted during sawing,allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory airconditions before testing, using the procedures outlined in7.2.3.NOTE 10For specimens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean wateris typically sufficient for removing cutting residue. For specimens cut witha dry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient forremoving cutting residue.7.2.5 If compress
