1、Designation: C140/C140M 15C140/C140M 15aStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test m
3、ethods provide various testing procedures commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete masonryunits and related concrete units. Methods are provided for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive strength,absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, flexural load, and balla
4、st weight. Not all methods are applicable to all unittypes, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included in annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit types:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(S
5、pecifications C55, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concre
6、te block(Specification D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these testmethods, but specific testing and reporting requirements for those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:
7、SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 111 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct respo
8、nsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 onConcrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Dec. 15, 2015. Published July 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asC140 14b.C140 15. DOI: 10.1520/C0140_C0140M-15.10.1520/C0140_C014
9、0M-15A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult pr
10、ior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
11、428-2959. United States1SectionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete
12、BlockAnnex A7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnex A8Worksheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The values stated in either SI units o
13、r inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not
14、 purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
15、C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC936/C936M Speci
16、fication for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for MasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall UnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof Pave
17、rsC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Tes
18、ting MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6 shall apply for these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lot, nany number of concrete masonry units or related units, designated
19、 by the producer, of any configuration ordimension manufactured by the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curingmethod.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirements for application to a broad range of concrete produ
20、cts. Those generaltesting requirements are included in the body of this standard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or other resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for thoseproducts not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods
21、 provide specific testing requirements in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units are includedin the body of these test methods and those applicable to the s
22、pecific unit types are included within the annexes.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.C140/C140M
23、 15a25. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be selected by the purchaser or authorized representative. The selectedspecimens shall be of similar configuration and dimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot of units from wh
24、ichthey are selected.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a set of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (including the cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush
25、 is typically used to remove loose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may be identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 % of thesurface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediately after sampling and marking, and record as wr (receiv
26、ed weight).Record time and place wr was measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with other unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results or forsorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure con
27、ditions, primarily as a result of the moisturewithin the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to understand the point in time and the frame ofreference when that weight was determined. “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the unit
28、 was sampled but when and where the receivedweights were determined. In addition to date and time references, it is also important to know if those weights were determined after units reachedequilibrium with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so for
29、th.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measure specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1 in.2.5 mm when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.1 in. 2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in. 0.25 mm when thedimension is to be re
30、ported to the nearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to the division required to be reported.Accuracy shall be verified at leastonce annually. Verification record shall include date of verification, person or agency performing verification, identification ofr
31、eference standard used, test points used during verification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected for measurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance with the applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by th
32、e annexes of this standard, measure overall dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on oppositesides of the specimen to the nearest division required to be reported. Document location of each measurement on a sketch orphotograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measureme
33、nt of dimensions may be used in other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for thesemeasurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %
34、 over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upper head of the machine. The center of the sphereshall lie at the center of the surface held in its spherical seat but shall be free to turn in any direction,
35、and its perimeter shall haveat least 0.25 in. 6 mm clearance from the head to accommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not parallel. The diameterof the upper platen (determined in accordance with Annex A8) shall be at least 6 in. 150 mm. A hardened metal bearing platemay be used beneath the
36、specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lower platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, a single steelplate with a thickness equal to at least the distance from the edge of the platen to the most distant corner
37、 of the specimen shallbe placed between the platen and the capped specimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be at least 0.25 in. 6 mmgreater than the length and width of the units. See Annex A8 for information on determining the required minimum bearing platethickness, tBP. The provide
38、d bearing plate (when needed) shall have a thickness at least equal to the value of tBP as determinedin Annex A8.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contact with the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall not depart
39、 from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. 0.025 mm in any6 in. 150 mm dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has a significant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry units when thebearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the speci
40、men. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that can influenceC140/C140M 15a3the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitude of this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of the specimen tested,and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressiv
41、e strengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and with reduced distance to thefurthest corner of the specimen. Some testing laboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating plate bending entirely. Therefore theplate thickness requirements in 7.1 are inten
42、ded to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression test results so as to conform to the limitsof practicality of the testing laboratory.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless sp
43、ecified otherwise in the applicable annex, test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units except when the units cannot betested full-size due to specimen configuration or testing machine requirements. In these cases,
44、reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. 13 mmon all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 6 15F 24 6 8C and a relative humidity of less than 80 % for not less
45、than 48 h.Alternatively, if compression results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same environment described abovewith a current of air from an electric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continue passing air over the specimensuntil two successive weighings at i
46、ntervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the previously determinedweight of the specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of the unit. Specimens shall not be subjectedto oven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid un
47、its, see 9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compressiontesting. The compressive strength method is based on the assumption that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have the samenet volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled split face
48、units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time they are sampledfrom the lot, such that the absorption test specimens have a net volume that is visually representative and a weight that is representative of the compressiontest specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens i
49、s allowed or required by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall be performedin an accurate, competent manner, subjecting the specimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamond saw blade of properhardness. Following cutting, residue from the cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuing testing (see Note 9). If thespecimen is wetted during sawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory air conditions before testing, usingthe procedures outlined in 7.2.3.NOTE 9For specimens cut with a w
