1、Designation: C 140 08Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units
3、 and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedur
4、es are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C 90, C 129)Annex A2Concrete brick (Specifications C 55, C 73, C 1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C 1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving
5、units (Specification C 936)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C 1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C 1491)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and repor
6、ting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11AnnexesTest Procedur
7、esConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete Brick Annex A2Segmental Retaining Wall Units Annex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid Paving Units Annex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Determining Plate Thickness Requirements for Compression Testing Annex A7Worksheet and Test Report
8、 for Concrete Masonry Units Appendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except in Annex A4, where SI units are to beregarded as standard. The v
9、alues given in parentheses through-out are mathematical conversions to SI units that are providedfor information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
10、standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)C90 Specificatio
11、n for Loadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnitsC 1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC 1209 Term
12、inology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated UnitsC 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC 1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC 1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC 1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated
13、 Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC 1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current
14、 edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 140 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E4 Practices for Force Verification of Tes
16、ting MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C 1209, C 1232,and E 6 shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of
17、 concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These
18、 test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicab
19、leto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens sha
20、ll be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units of any configuration or dimension manufacturedby the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design,manufacturing process, and curing method.5.2 Numbe
21、r of SpecimensUnless specified otherwise inthe applicable annex, for the compressive strength, absorption,unit weight (density), and moisture content determinations, sixunits shall be selected from each lot of 10 000 units or fractionthereof and 12 units from each lot of more than 10 000 and lesstha
22、n 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, sixunits shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shal
23、l cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.4 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 3Received weights often have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are t
24、herefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also imp
25、ortant to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime references, it is also important to know if th
26、ose weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 ApparatusUnless otherwise specified in the appli-cable annex, use the following equipment for measurement ofdi
27、mensions:6.1.1 Steel Scaleshall have divisions not greater than110in. (2.5 mm).6.1.2 Calipersshall have divisions not greater than1100 in.(0.25 mm).6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable ann
28、ex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen. Document location of eachmeasurement on a sketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 4Specimens used for me
29、asurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of
30、 the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface held in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least14 in. (6.3 mm) clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diamete
31、r of the upper platen (determined in accor-dance with Annex A7) shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm). Ahardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to co
32、ver the area of the specimen, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be atleast14 in. (6 mm) grea
33、ter than the length and width of theunits.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)in any 6 in. (150 mm
34、) dimension.NOTE 5Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has asignificant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that canin
35、fluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and withreduced distan
36、ce to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areC140082intended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression testresults so as to
37、 conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.NOTE 6Annex A7 includes guidance on determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordancewith Practices E 4 at a frequency d
38、efined by Practice C 1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When theunits cannot be tested full-size due to sp
39、ecimen configurationor testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13mm) on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 615F (24 6 8C)
40、 and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression results arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continuepassing air
41、over the specimens until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shall not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 7In thi
42、s test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) havethe same net volume as uni
43、ts used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test spe
44、cimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper hardness. If the specimen is wetted d
45、uringsawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with labora-tory air conditions before testing, using the procedures outlinedin 7.2.3.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw
46、-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated asrequired in 9.4. Calculated net volumes of sa
47、w-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.3 CappingCap test specimens in accordance with Prac-tice C 1552.7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:7.4.1 Position of SpecimensTest specimens with the cen-troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the centerof thrust
48、of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetesting machine (Note 8). Except for special units intended foruse with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollowconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollow
49、units intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontaldirection in the same direction as in service. Prior to testingeach unit, ensure that the upper platen moves freely within itsspherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.NOTE 8For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,the location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing thedimension perpendicular to that axis (but in the same plane) by two. Forthose masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis, the location ofthat axis can be determined by
