1、Designation: C 140 08aStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry unit
3、s and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedu
4、res are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C 129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick (Specifications C55,C73, C 1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C 1372)Annex A4Concrete in
5、terlocking paving units (Specification C 936)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C 1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C 1491)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific
6、 testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11Se
7、ctionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units AnnexA1Concrete and Calcium Sili-cate BrickAnnexA2Segmental Retaining WallUnitsAnnexA3Concrete Interlocking Pav-ing UnitsAnnexA4Concrete Grid Paving Units AnnexA5Concrete Roof Pavers AnnexA6Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements for Compres-sion Tes
8、tingAnnexA7Worksheet and Test Reportfor Concrete Masonry UnitsAppen-dix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C 1093.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except in Annex A4, where SI units a
9、re to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses through-out are mathematical conversions to SI units that are providedfor information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
10、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Bri
11、ck (Sand-LimeBrick)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved
12、in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 140 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1
13、*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC 143
14、/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnitsC 1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated UnitsC 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1319 Specification fo
15、r Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC 1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC 1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC 1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC 1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickE4 Practi
16、ces for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C 1209, C 1232,and E6shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor
17、application to a broad range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the a
18、nnex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these
19、test methods and those applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configurati
20、on anddimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units of any configuration or dimension manufacturedby the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design,manufacturing proce
21、ss, and curing method.5.2 Number of SpecimensUnless specified otherwise inthe applicable annex, for the compressive strength, absorption,unit weight (density), and moisture content determinations, sixunits shall be selected from each lot of 10 000 units or fractionthereof and 12 units from each lot
22、of more than 10 000 and lessthan 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, sixunits shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (includingthe c
23、ores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWe
24、igh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight
25、of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight
26、was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, o
27、rbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 ApparatusUnless otherwise specified in the appli-cable annex, use the following equipment for measurement ofdimensions:6.1.1 Steel Scaleshall have divisions not greater than110in. (2.5 mm).6.1
28、.2 Calipersshall have divisions not greater than1100 in.(0.25 mm).6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard
29、, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen. Document location of eachmeasurement on a sketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test
30、Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface held
31、in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least14 in. (6.3 mm) clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accor-dance with Annex A7) shall be at least
32、6 in. (150 mm). AC 140 08a2hardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, asingle steel plate with a thickness equal
33、 to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be atleast14 in. (6 mm) greater than the length and width of theunits.7.1.3 The surfaces of the plat
34、en or plate intended for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)in any 6 in. (150 mm) dimension.NOTE 6Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates ha
35、s asignificant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitudeof
36、this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Some testinglaboratories have
37、 limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression testresults so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testinglaboratory.NOTE 7Annex A7
38、includes guidance on determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordancewith Practices E4at a frequency defined by Practice C 1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in
39、the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When theunits cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configurationor testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size ina
40、ccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13mm) on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 615F (24 6 8C) and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less than 48 h. Alternatively,
41、if compression results arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continuepassing air over the specimens until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an incr
42、ement of loss not greater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shall not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.4) is determined fr
43、om specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular su
44、rfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the sta
45、ndard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper hardness. If the specimen is wetted duringsawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with labora-tory air condit
46、ions before testing, using the procedures outlinedin 7.2.3.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree c
47、ompression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated asrequired in 9.4. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.3 CappingC
48、ap test specimens in accordance with Prac-tice C 1552.7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:7.4.1 Position of SpecimensTest specimens with the cen-troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the centerof thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetesting machine (Note 9). Exc
49、ept for special units intended foruse with their cores in a horizontal direction, test all hollowconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollowunits intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontaldirection in the same direction as in service. Prior to testingeach unit, ensure that the upper platen moves freely within itsspherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.NOTE 9For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,the location of that axis can
