1、Designation: C1400 11Standard Guide forReduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescencepotential in new masonry walls.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to b
3、e regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
4、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products3C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural C
5、lay TileC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit MasonryC1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated Units3C1232 Terminology of Masonry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,C1209, and C1232
6、shall apply in this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, na crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry3.2.2 efflorescence, na crystalline deposit, usually white,of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.3.2.2.1 Discu
7、ssionThe color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usuallyyellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-solublemanganese compounds is usually brown or gray.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,will reduce efflore
8、scence potential in new masonry walls.However, its implementation will not always completely pre-vent efflorescence.4.2 This guide may be augmented by related informationcontained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-tional material listed at the end of this specification, and otherpubl
9、ications.5. Principles of Efflorescence5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity ofwater-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; andto the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Sinceneither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completelyeliminated from an exterior
10、masonry wall, the potential forefflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compoundsand water within the wall.5.2 While water penetration is reduced through properdesign and construction, water can penetrate into masonrywalls through cracks and separations in the surface and the topof the wal
11、l. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or theinterface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degreethrough the masonry units and the hardened mortar.5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, thewater will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist inthe masonry u
12、nits, mortar components, grout, admixtures orother secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exteriorsurface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surfacethrough evaporation. Deposits may also form within themasonry resulting in cryptoflorescence.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of A
13、STM Committee C15 on ManufacturedMasonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on MasonryAssemblies.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1400 01 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/C1400-11.2For ref
14、erenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is
15、referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two ormore of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and h
16、ydroxides.5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-face of masonry can chemically react to form compounds thatare not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposits onmasonry are a fairly common example. They are a result ofreaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydrox-i
17、de and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is depositedon the surface of the masonry and is exposed to the air.5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exteriorcoatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be depos-ited below the surface of the masonry units. This condition iscalle
18、d cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, theforces resulting from its confinement can cause disintegrationof the masonry surfaces.6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New MasonryWalls6.1 Efflorescence on a new masonry wall is reduced whenwater penetration of the wall is minimized; w
19、hen water thatpenetrates or condenses in the wall is quickly drained from thewall; when contact between dissimilar masonry units isavoided; and when potential efflorescence compounds in thewall materials are minimized.6.2 The amount of water from wind-driven rain that is ableto penetrate a masonry w
20、all is minimized by:6.2.1 Good bond and full contact between masonry unitsand mortar. This condition is achieved by using mortar that iscompatible with the masonry units; completely filled head andbed mortar joints in solid unit masonry; completely filled faceshells head and bed joints in hollow uni
21、t masonry; compactedconcave, V, or grapevine mortar joints on the exterior face ofthe wall; cold weather construction practices that preventmasonry materials from freezing; and by hot weather construc-tion practices that prevent newly placed mortar from dryingrapidly.6.2.2 Construction practices tha
22、t protect the tops and sidesof uncompleted walls and openings from rain or snow duringconstruction.6.2.3 The use of flashing at the intersection of roofing andmasonry walls.6.2.4 The use of sills, copings, and chimney caps of solidmasonry units, stone, reinforced concrete, or corrosion resis-tant me
23、tal. To be most effective, masonry, stone, and concretesills, copings, and chimney caps should project beyond the faceof the wall; have drips that are at least 1 in. (25 mm) from theface of the wall, and have functional flashing and weep holes.In addition, all sills, copings, and chimney caps should
24、 besloped a minimum of 1+4; be mechanically anchored to thewall, and should have properly sized, located, and sealedmovement joints when necessary.6.2.5 Properly sized, located, and sealed movement joints inwall and around openings in wall.6.2.6 Overhangs to protect the wall from rain.6.2.7 Utilizat
25、ion of compatible water repellent coating onconcrete masonry walls or integral water repellent admixturesin concrete masonry units.6.3 Water that penetrates a masonry wall is quickly drainedout of the wall by:6.3.1 Unobstructed drainage in air space of drainage walls.6.3.2 Functional, unpunctured fl
26、ashing and weep holes atbase of wall above grade; above openings in wall, shelf angles,lintels, wall-roofing intersections, chimneys, and bay windows,and below window sills and copings. The flashing should beextended beyond the exterior face of the wall. The flashingshould have end dams at its disco
27、ntinuous ends, and properlysealed splices and laps at its joints.6.4 Contact between dissimilar masonry units is avoided by:6.4.1 The use of cavity walls with unobstructed 2 in. (50mm) minimum drainage air space to separate the exteriormasonry wythe from the backup wall consisting of a dissimilarmas
28、onry unit.6.4.2 The use of flashing between masonry wall and sills,copings, and chimney caps of a dissimilar material.6.4.3 The use of flashing or separator between changes inmaterials in wall.6.5 Potential efflorescence compounds in the wall materialscan be minimized by:6.5.1 Preconstruction testin
29、g of all masonry materials, wa-ter, cleaning agents, and admixtures to be used in a masonrywall to evaluate their potential to contribute to efflorescence.The results of these tests should be evaluated together with theinfluence of construction practices and design in predictingefflorescence potenti
30、al in masonry walls. Available precon-struction tests include: Test Methods C67 efflorescence test forbrick; chemical analysis of cements to determine water solublealkali (Na2OK2O) content; chemical analysis of hydrated limeto determine calcium sulfate content; and chemical analysis ofsand, water, a
31、dmixtures and cleaning agents to determinealkali, chloride, and sulfate content. Ion chromatography is achemical analytical technique that can be used to performpreconstruction testing of masonry materials. Presently, there isno ASTM efflorescence test for concrete masonry units ormortar. The potent
32、ial for efflorescence increases with increas-ing amounts of water-soluble alkali, chlorides, and sulfates inthe masonry wall materials.6.5.2 Storage and protection of all masonry materials priorto use to prevent contact with dissimilar materials and toprotect materials from moisture.6.5.3 Protection
33、 of all masonry materials during transporta-tion when there is a probability of contamination from roadsalts, fertilizers, and airborne contaminants.6.5.4 Utilization of proper cleaning materials and proce-dures on new masonry walls.7. Keywords7.1 efflorescence; end dam; flashing; masonry units; mor
34、tar;preconstruction testing; water penetration; weep holesC1400 112ADDITIONAL MATERIAL(1) Brownell, W. E., “The Causes and Control of Efflorescence onBrickwork,” Research Report Number 15, Structural Clay Prod-ucts Institute, McLean, VA, August 1969.(2) Chin, I. R. and Behie, W. L., “Efflorescence:
35、Evaluation ofPublished Test Methods for Brick and Efforts to Develop a MasonryAssembly Test Method,” Journal of ASTM International SelectedTechnical Papers STP 1512, Jamie Farny and William L. Behie,JAI Guest Editors, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,2010, pp. 313.(3) Chin, I. R., and Petry
36、, L., “Design and Testing to Reduce Efflores-cence Potential in New Brick Masonry Walls,” Masonry: Designand Construction, Problems and Repair, ASTM STP 1180,J.M.Melander and L. R. Lauersdorf, Eds., American Society for Testingand Materials, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 317.(4) “Control and Removal of Ef
37、florescence,” NCMA-TEK 8-3A,National Concrete Masonry Association, Herndon, VA, 1996.(5) “Efflorescence Causes and Mechanisms, Part I of II,” TechnicalNotes 23 (revised), Brick Institute of America, Reston, VA, May1985.(6) “Efflorescence Prevention and Control, Part II of II,” TechnicalNotes 23A (re
38、vised), Brick Institute of America, Reston, VA, June1985.(7) Grimm, C. T. “Water Permeance of Masonry Walls: A Review ofthe Literature,” Masonry: Materials, Properties, and Perfor-mance, ASTM STP 778, J. G. Borchelt, Ed., American Society forTesting and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1982, pp. 178199.
39、(8) Grimm, C. T., The Hidden Flashing Fiasco, Construction Re-search Center, University of Texas at Arlington, April 1994.(9) Sanders, J. P. and Brosnan, D.A., “Test Method for Determining theEfflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based on Soluble SaltContent”, Journal of ASTM International Se
40、lected TechnicalPapers STP 1512, Jamie Farny and William L. Behie, JAI GuestEditors, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, pp.1431.(10) “Trowel Tips: Efflorescence,” 1S239, Portland Cement Associa-tion, Skokie, IL, 1991.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any p
41、atent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisi
42、on at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your co
43、mments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrigh
44、ted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1400 113
