1、Designation: C1407 98 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forCalculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of RefractoryShapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas,volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped r
3、efractoryspecimens.1.2 Areas of irregular (both conventional and shaped) speci-mens are required for determining the creep of certain refrac-tory products.1.3 Linear and volume changes or irregularly shaped refrac-tories are required for determining reheat change.1.4 The values stated in SI units ar
4、e to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
5、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, LiquidAbsorption, Apparent Specific Gravity,
6、and Bulk Densityof Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure3. Significance and Use3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classifiedby volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories resultsin irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure.This practice determines the volume
7、without depending uponphysical linear measurements.3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sectionsare classified by “creep properties.” This practice determinesthe average cross-sectional area without requiring area mea-surements.4. Procedure4.1 The test specimens shall have their volu
8、me (VA) pre-determined using the standard procedure described in TestMethods C20 or C830.4.2 Dry the specimens to constant weight.4.3 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g and record asW.4.4 If the specimens have parallel faces (such as groundsurfaces for applying load for creep data) measure the
9、 length tothe nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record as L.5. Calculation5.1 Area of Creep Specimens (Irregular Cross-Sections):5.1.1area A! 5volumeV!C20 or C830! cm3lengthL!cm!5 cm21024m2! (1)5.1.2volumeV! 5weightW!g!bulk density g/cm3!5 cm31026m3! (2)5.1.3 Illustration:Weight (W) = 375.2 gBulk Densit
10、y = 2.56 g/cm3(Mg/m3)Length (L) = 10.795 cm (102m)V 5375.22.565 146.56 cm31026m3! (3)A 5VolumeLength5146.5610.795 1022m!5 13.58 cm21024m2! (4)5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:% volume change V! 5VB2 VAVA3100 (5)where:VA= original volume, cm3(106m3)VB= final reheat volume, cm3(106m3), and1This p
11、ractice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C08 on Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1407 98(2011).DOI: 1
12、0.1520/C1407-98R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
13、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1V =(VB-VA) change in volume from State A to State B(volume obtained from either Test Method C20 orTest Method C830).5.3 Converting % Volume Change V to % Linear ChangeL of Reheat Specimens:5.3.1 If volume change is negative (shr
14、inkage) then:% linear change L! 521 2 11V/100!1/3# 3100 (6)5.3.1.1 Illustrate for an 8 % volume change (shrinkage) as:% linear change L! 521 2 1 2 0.08!1/3# 3100 (7)52 1 2 0.92!1/3# 3100521 2 0.973!# 3100520.027 3100 522.7%5.3.2 If the volume change is positive (expansion) then:% linear change L! 5
15、11% V/100!1/32 1# 3100 (8)5.3.2.1 Illustrate for a +8 % volume change (expansion) as:% linear change L! 5 110.08!1/32 1# 3100 (9)51.026 2 1! 310050.026 3100 5 2.6%NOTE 1The linear reheat change calculated from the volume changeis only an approximation and may be different from a measured value.6. Ke
16、ywords6.1 area; checkers; creep; Fireclay nozzle; Fireclay sleeves;irregular shapes; linear change; refractories; reheat change;volume; volume changeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
17、 of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every f
18、ive years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical
19、 committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
20、PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 98 (2016)2
