1、Designation: C 1417 08Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concrete pipe designed
3、 to conform to theowners design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalentdesign specification.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI SpecificationC 1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 82/A 82M Specification for
4、 Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 61
5、5/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA 706/A 706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel De-formed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer
6、 PipeC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification
7、for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concre
8、te and MortarsC 1017/C 1017M Specification for Chemical Admixturesfor Use in Producing Flowing Concrete2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Instal-lations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
9、Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C 822.3.1.2 group of pipe sections, neach days production runof pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specificproject.3.1.3 lot of pipe sections, ntotal of the number of group
10、sof pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3.1.4 running average, naverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concretestrength produced for a specific project, generally determinedas each group is tested.4. Basis of Acceptance
11、of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the
12、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on SpecialProjects.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 1417 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
13、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American Concret
14、e Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Sm
15、ooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximum spac-ing of longitudinalsType 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire, de-formed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups, an-chored thereto4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete
16、cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup designstress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.
17、4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design requirementsand to ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis o
18、f concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manufactured pipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep-tance of
19、 the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data and to this specification, andthat the concrete and materials have been sampled and testedand conform to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePip
20、e shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admix-tures, if used; and water in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner
21、that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or slag modified portland cement orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements o
22、fSpecification C 595, except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Ground Graduated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements
23、 ofSpecification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cem
24、ent only.6.2.4.4 Portland-pozzolan cement only.6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalceme
25、ntitious weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of thetotal cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entra
26、ining admixture conforming to SpecificationC 260;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC 494/C 494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C 1017/C 1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel Reinforceme
27、ntReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specifications A 82/A 82M or A 496/A 496M; or of wire reinforcement conforming to Specifica-tions A 185/A 185M or A 497/A 497M; or of bars conformingto Specifications A 615/A 615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A 706/A 706M, Grade 60.7. Joints7.1 The joints sh
28、all be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section 15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixe
29、d with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform to the designrequirements of this specification. The water-cementitiousmaterial ratio of all concrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight.Minimum concrete s
30、trength shall be 4000 psi.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe shall be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, withinthe limits of variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of ci
31、rcumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe withwall thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall not beseparated by more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus14 in. The mul
32、tiple layers shall be fastened together to form asingle cage. If the multiple layers of a cage contain circumfer-ential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that thesplices are staggered.All other specification requirements, suchC1417082as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wa
33、ll of the pipe,and so forth, shall apply to this method of fabricating a line ofreinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of thelayers.9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall con-form to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential
34、 reinforcement shall not beless than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 212 in. orgreater, and shall not be less than34 in. in pipe having a wallthickness of less than 212 in. The location of the reinforcementshall be subject to the permissible variations in dimensionsgiven in Section 15. Requ
35、irements for placement and protec-tive covering of the concrete from the inner or outer surface ofthe pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared soas to extend into the bell or reduced in diameter so as to extendinto the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into th
36、ejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distanceexceeds one half of the wall thickness, the pipe wall shallcontain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimu
37、mspecified area per linear foot times the laying length of the pipesection. The minimum cover on the last circumferential nearthe spigot shoulder shall be12 in.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, theminimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be12 in.in the bell or14 in. in the
38、 spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes areprovided in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of Circumfere
39、ntialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-ferential shall be considered to be at the point of the maximumflexural stress.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any
40、weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than themarking indicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and deformed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2
41、Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, in.2Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for flexure, in.2, either at the splice, for splices,or at the point of maximum moment, for quadrantmat reinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in
42、.f 8c= design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in.2.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in.2.Fw= embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld= development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.Pt= pull test strength of wire or bar at break, lbf.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced,
43、in.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where weldsare made to circumferentials, pull tests of representativespecimens of the circumferential across the finished weld shalldemonstrate a strength of no less than 1.1 times the designyield strength of the circumferential except as
44、provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of this section usedinstead of 10.3.1. For butt splices of circumferentials or wherewelds are made to circumferentials, pull tests, Pt, of represen-tative specimens of the circumferent
45、ial across the finished weldshall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt5 1.1 Awrfy(1)or no less than:Pt5 0.5 Awafy(2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:10.4.1 Where lapped circumferentials are spliced by weld-ing, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in. Pul
46、l tests ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than 0.9 timesdesign yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.4.2 and10.4.3 used instead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentialsare spliced
47、by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in.Pull tests, Pt, of representative specimens shall develop no lessthan:Pt5 FwAwrfy(3)or not less than the strength required by Eq 2, whichever isthe greater.10.4.3 The embedded weld factor, Fw, relates the pull teststrength of the non-embedded splice
48、 specimens to the strengthof the splice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fwshall be takenas 0.90.10.4.3.2 If the pull test break is in the weld, Fwshall betaken as 0.70.10.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed bars #6
49、 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr33 =f 8cAwa(4)or not less than:dbfy66 =f 8c(5)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shallmeet the requirements of ACI 318.10.4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wirereinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured betweenC1417083the outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall beno less than the spacing of the longitudinals plus 1 in. or Ld,where:Ld5 0.27Awrfys =f 8c(6)whichever is
