1、Designation: C1417 11 C1417 12Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe des
3、igned to conform to the ownersdesign requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specificati
4、on for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete
5、 AggregatesC76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sectio
6、ns, or TileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products
7、C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3
8、ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.3.1.2 group of pipe sections, neach days production run of pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specific project.3.1.3
9、lot of pipe sections, ntotal of the number of groups of pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for a specificproject.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current
10、 edition approved June 1, 2011Sept. 1, 2012. Published June 2011October 2012. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 asC1417 08.C1417 11. DOI: 10.1520/C1417-11.10.1520/C1417-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Cus
11、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4 Available from American
12、 Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically p
13、ossible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
14、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4 running average, naverage concrete compressive strength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concrete strengthproduced for a specific project, generally determined as each group is tested.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing D
15、esign DataThe manufacturer shall submit the following manufacturing design data for the concrete pipeto the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.4.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsTyp
16、e 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximumspacing of longitudinalsType 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire,deformed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups,anchored thereto4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional di
17、ameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup design stress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and jo
18、int information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall be based on its conformance to the owners design requirements and toASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concrete compression tests,
19、materials tests, conformance to the manufacturingdesign data, conformance to this specification, and inspection of manufactured pipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and the manufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of acceptanceof the concrete pipe. This certif
20、ication shall consist of a statement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conforms to themanufacturing design data and to this specification, and that the concrete and materials have been sampled and tested and conformto this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready f
21、or acceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, ifused; and water in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete
22、act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of Specification C595, except that thepozzolan constituent in
23、 the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.6.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitiou
24、s MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shallbe one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.6.2.4.4 A combination of portland cement and slag cement.6.2.4.5 A combination of
25、portland cement and fly ash, or6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, slag cement (not to exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight), and fly ash (notto exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight).C1417 1226.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33, excep
26、t that the requirement for gradationshall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends are allowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing co
27、ncrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of wire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M;or of bars conforming to Specifications A615/A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/
28、A706M, Grade 60.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates sha
29、ll be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous thoroughly mixed concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform tothe design requirements of this specification. The water-cementitious material ratio of all
30、 concrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight.Minimum concrete strength shall be 4000 psi.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures, large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of the pipe shallbe normal to walls and center line of the pipe, within the limits of variations give
31、n in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any given total area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe with wallthicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe with wall thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall not be separate
32、d bymore than the thickness of one longitudinal plus 14 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form a single cage. If themultiple layers of a cage contain circumferential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that the splices are staggered. Allother specification requirem
33、ents, such as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe, and so forth, shall apply tothis method of fabricating a line of reinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of the layers.9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall conform to the approved manufacturi
34、ng data. The nominal concretecover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 212 in. or greater, andshall not be less than 34 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of less than 212 in. The location of the reinforcement shall be subjectto the
35、 permissible variations in dimensions given in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protective covering of theconcrete from the inner or outer surface of the pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared so as to extend into thebell or reduced in diameter so as to extend into the
36、spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into the joint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distance exceedsone half of the wall thickness, the pipe wa
37、ll shall contain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimum specified area per linearfoot times the laying length of the pipe section. The minimum cover on the last circumferential near the spigot shoulder shall be12 in.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, the minimum end-cover
38、on the last circumferential shall be 12 in. in the bellor 14 in. in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steel shall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, except when,as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes are provided in each pipe or the pipe is conv
39、erted into a manhole tee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of Circumferential Reinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specific orientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at the point of the maximum flexural stress.10
40、.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shall beconsidered to be at a distance determined by the orientation angle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than the markingindicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and deform
41、ed wire shall be welded and shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa = actual steel area of the individual circumferential wire, in.2C1417 123Awr = steel area required for the individual circumferential wire for flexure, in.2, either at the splice, for splices, or at the pointo
42、f maximum moment, for quadrant mat reinforcement.db = diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.f c = design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in.2.fy = design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in.2.Fw = embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld = development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.Pt =
43、 pull test strength of wire or bar at break, lbf.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, in.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where welds are made to circumferentials, pull tests of representative specimensof the circumferential across the finished weld shall demonstr
44、ate a strength of no less than 1.1 times the design yield strength ofthe circumferential except as provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed analysis may be made and the requirements of this section used insteadof 10.3.1. For butt splices of circumferentials or where
45、 welds are made to circumferentials, pull tests, Pt, of representativespecimens of the circumferential across the finished weld shall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt 51.1 Awr fy (1)or no less than:P t 50.5 Awa fy (2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:
46、10.4.1 Where lapped circumferentials are spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in. Pull tests of representativespecimens shall develop no less than 0.9 times design yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed analysis may be made
47、and the requirements of 10.4.2 and 10.4.3 usedinstead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentials are spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in. Pull tests, Pt, ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than:Pt 5F w Awr fy (3)or not less than the strength required by Eq 2, which
48、ever is the greater.10.4.3 The embedded weld factor, Fw, relates the pull test strength of the non-embedded splice specimens to the strength of thesplice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fw shall be taken as 0.90.10.4.3.2 If the pull test brea
49、k is in the weld, Fw shall be taken as 0.70.10.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of deformed bars #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lapped not lessthan Ld, where:Ld 5db fy A wr33=f c Awa(4)or not less than:db fy66=f c(5)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shall meet the requirements of ACI 318.10.4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of welded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wirereinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on each side
