1、Designation: C1433 14Standard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections forCulverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1433; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforcedconcrete box sections cast monolithic
3、ally and intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI SpecificationC1433M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in thisspecification.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manufa
4、cturing and purchas-ing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteriaused to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successfulperformance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the boxsection, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation confo
5、rms to theconstruction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforcedconcrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that proper correlationof the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box sectionspecified, and provision for inspection at the construction site, arerequi
6、red.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Te
7、stSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Man
8、hole Sections, orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes,and Precast Box Sect
9、ions Using Preformed Flexible JointSealantsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1619 Specification for Elastomeric
10、Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresC1677 Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, UsingRubber Gaskets2.2 AASHTO Standard:3Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforce
11、d concrete box sections manufacturedin accordance with this specification shall be one of two typesidentified in Table 1 and Table 2, and shall be designated bytype, span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor-dance with Section 7
12、shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10,bythe material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished box sections.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct
13、 responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 on Accep-tance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1433 13b. DOI:10.1520/C1433-14.2For referenced ASTM standards,
14、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO),
15、444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptancewhen they conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Material6.
16、1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland ceme
17、nt of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements
18、 ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of
19、 the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnac
20、e slag,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of thetotal cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for g
21、radation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used with the approval of the purchaser.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M. Circumferential reinforcement areas inTables 1
22、 and 2 are based solely on the use of welded wirereinforcement, refer to 11.6 if alternate steel designs utilizingsteel bars, Grade 60, in conjunction with or in lieu of weldedwire reinforcement are to be submitted for the ownersapproval. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall beallowed to co
23、nsist of welded wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M,Grade 60.6.6 Synthetic FibersThe manufacturer is not prohibitedfrom using collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers inprecast box culverts as a nonstructural manufacturing material.Only Type
24、 III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecifically for use in concrete and conforming to the require-ments of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.6.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M
25、.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe box section dimensions, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall beas prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2 and Figs. 1-4, subject to theprovisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed forcombined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live lo
26、adconditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earthdead load and interstate live load conditions when the interstatelive loading exceeds the HS20 live loading. Criteria used todevelop Tables 1 and 2 are given in Appendix X1.NOTE 2The tabular designs in this specification were preparedacco
27、rding to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,1997 Edition.7.2 Modified and Special Designs for MonolithicStructuresThe manufacturer shall request approval by thepurchaser of modified designs that differ from the designs inSection 7.1; or special designs for sizes and loads other thanF
28、IG. 1 Typical Box SectionsC1433 142those shown in Tables 1 and 2. When spans are required thatexceed those prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2, the design shallbe based on the criteria given in Appendix X1. In addition, thespan shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limitdeflection as given in
29、 Section 8.9 of AASHTO StandardSpecification for Highway Bridges (latest edition).NOTE 3Construction procedures, such as heavy equipment movementor stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box structure, can inducehigher loads than those used for the structures final design. Theseconstruction a
30、nd surcharge loads are approved as long as the final steelareas in the box are larger than those the box will experience in the finalinstallation condition. The design engineer should take into considerationthe potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures indetermining the final des
31、ign of the box structure.7.3 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in., subject tothe provisions of Section 11. The inside circumferential rein-forcement shall extend into the tongue portion of the joint andthe outside circumferential reinfo
32、rcement shall extend into thegroove portion of the joint. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than12 in. nor more than2 in. from the ends of the box section. Reinforcement shall beassembled utilizing any combination of single or multiplelayers of welded-wire reinforc
33、ement. Multiple layers shall notbe separated by more than the thickness of one longitudinalwire plus14 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened togetherto form a single cage.All other specification requirements suchas laps, welds, and tolerances of placement in the wall of thebox section shall appl
34、y to this method of fabricating areinforcement cage. A common reinforcement unit may beutilized for both As2or (or As3) and As4, and also for both As7(or As8) and As1, with the largest area requirement governing,bending the reinforcement at the corners and waiving theextension requirements of Fig. 3
35、 (see Fig. 4). When a singlecage of multiple circumferential steel areas is used for As2(orAs3) andAs4reinforcement, the slab or wall requiring the largersteel area shall have this additional circumferential steelextending for the full length of the slab or wall. The welded-wire reinforcement shall
36、be composed of circumferential andlongitudinal wires meeting the spacing requirements of 7.4 andshall contain sufficient longitudinal wires extending throughthe box section to maintain the shape and position of reinforce-ment. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement may be welded-wire reinforcement
37、or deformed billet-steel bars and shall meetthe spacing requirements of 7.4. The ends of the longitudinaldistribution reinforcement shall not be more than 2 in. from theends of the box section. The exposure of the ends oflongitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position the rein-forcement shall
38、not be a cause for rejection.7.4 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlapmeasured between the outermost longitudinal wires of eachreinforcement sheet shall not be less than the spacing of thelongitudinal wires plus 2 in. but not less
39、 than 10 in. If As1isextended to the middle of either slab and connected, weldedsplices are not prohibited in the connection. When used, As7FIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint ReinforcementFIG. 3 Detail Inner ReinforcementFIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)C1433 143and As8shall be lapped with
40、 As1as shown in Fig. 5 or Fig. 6(see also Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). If welds are made to circumfer-ential reinforcement, they shall be made only to selectedcircumferential wires that are not less than 18 in. apart alongthe longitudinal axis of the box section.Also, when spacers arewelded to circumferentia
41、l wires, they shall be welded only tothese selected circumferential wires. There shall be no weldingto other circumferential wires, except it is not prohibited forAs4to be lapped and welded at any location or connected bywelding at the corners to As2and As3. No welds shall be madeto As2or As3circumf
42、erential wires in the middle third of thespan. (See Fig. 9 for welding restrictions.) When distributionreinforcement is to be fastened to a cage by welding, it shall bewelded only to longitudinal wires and only near the ends of thebox section. The spacing center to center of the circumferentialwires
43、 shall not be less than 2 in. nor more than 4 in. Thespacing center to center of the longitudinal wires shall not bemore than 8 in.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall beproduced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be ofsuch design and the ends of the box sections
44、so formed that thesections can be laid together to make a continuous line of boxsections compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 11.8.2 Joints shall conform to the requirements of eitherSpecification C990 or Specification C1677. For joints con-forming to Specification C1677, the e
45、lastomeric (gasket) ma-terial shall conform to Specification C1619 Class C require-ments. Gaskets which require oil resistant properties shall meetClass D requirements.8.3 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown inFigs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at thegroove porti
46、on of the joint whenAs1is not continuous over thespan. The minimum area of such reinforcement in squareinches per linear foot of box section length shall be the same asthe areas specified for As4in Tables 1 and 2.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed
47、with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixedconcrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53FIG. 5 Detailed Reinfo
48、rcement ArrangementFIG. 6 Detail OptionFIG. 7 Alternate DetailFIG. 8 Alternate DetailC1433 144by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470lb/yd3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialscontent demonstrate t
49、hat the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringThe box sections shall be cured for a sufficientlength of time so that the concrete will develop the specifiedcompressive strength in 28 days or less. Any one of thefollowing methods of curing or combinations thereof shall beallowed to be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe low pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain amoist atmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe water-cured by any method tha
