1、Designation: C1447/C1447M 04 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forNon-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Underdrain Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1447/C1447M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers non-asbestos fiber-cement per-forated and plain pipe intended for use in the convey
3、ance ofdrainage water for the subsurface drainage of highways,airports, farms, foundations, and other similar drainage work.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
4、eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhol
6、e Sections, orTileC500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC1154 Terminology for Non-Asbestos Fiber-Reinforced Ce-ment Products2.2 Federal Standard:No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agen-cies)32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-129 Marking fo
7、r Shipment and Storage32.4 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rules4National Motor Freight Classification Rules52.5 ISO Standards6ISO 390 1993 Products in Fibre Reinforced Cement Sam-pling and InspectionISO 2859 1999 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by At-tributes Part 1: Sampling Sche
8、mes Indexed byAcceptanceQuality Limit (AQL) for Lot-by-Lot InspectionISO 3951 1989 Sampling Procedures and Charts for Inspec-tion by Variables for Percent Nonconforming3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C1154.3.1.2 coupling, ncomponent made from a larger diameterpipe of the sam
9、e type or class, or of Type II and a higher class,or produced otherwise to yield at least equal performance, forjoining fiber-cement pipe that when properly installed, forms asilt-tight joint, allows alignment corrections and slight changesin direction and provides an assembled joint equivalent inse
10、rviceability and strength to the pipe sections.4. Sizes and Types4.1 Fiber-cement underdrain pipe furnished under thisspecification shall be known as “fiber-cement underdrainpipe.” It shall be furnished in nominal inside diameters of 4, 6,8, 10, and 12 in. 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mm. The typesof
11、 pipe shall be known as Type I and Type II corresponding tothe chemical requirements given in S3.NOTE 1To assist the purchaser in choosing the type of pipe mostsuitable for his use, guidelines for the definition of aggressiveness of waterand of soil environments for selection of the proper type of c
12、ement pipeare covered in the appropriate sections of Test Methods C500.NOTE 2There are no chemical requirements for Type I pipe. Type IIpipe is generally accepted as being unaffected by sulfates in groundwaterwhich cause matrix expansion and consequential pipe deterioration.1This specification is un
13、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.02 on Non-Asbestos Fiber Cement Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous version approved in 201
14、0 as C1447/C1447M04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/C1447_C1447M-04R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A
15、vailable from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.5Available from National Motor Freight Inc., 1616 P St., NW, Was
16、hington, DC20036.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 Rue deVarambe, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Materials and Manufacture5.1 F
17、iber-cement underdrain pipe shall be composed of anintimate mixture of an inorganic hydraulic binder (see Speci-fication C150) or a calcium silicate binder (see SpecificationC595) formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous materialand a calcareous material reinforced by organic fibers, inor-gani
18、c non-asbestos fibers, or both. Process aids, fillers andpigments which are compatible with fiber-reinforced cementare not prohibited from being added. The material shall be oflaminar construction, formed under pressure to a homogeneousstructure, and cured to meet the physical and chemical require-m
19、ents of this specification.6. Crushing Strength6.1 Crushing tests shall be conducted before shipment. Thecrushing strength test results when assessed in accordance withSection 11 (Sampling) shall comply with the specified mini-mum crushing strength in Table 1. Test Specimens 12 in. 300mm long cut fr
20、om an unmachined portion of pipe shall betested in accordance with the appropriate section of testmethods C497, except that when the perforated underdrainpipe is tested, the sample shall contain four circumferentialrows of holes with the first row 1.5 in. 40 mm from the end.The specimen shall be tes
21、ted with the line of symmetry of therows facing downward, with the rows of holes being in thelower two quadrants.7. Couplings7.1 Each standard, short, or random length of pipe shall beprovided with a coupling for the purpose of maintainingalignment and to ensure close joints.8. Fittings8.1 Fiber-cem
22、ent underdrain pipe fittings shall be suitable insize, type, crushing strength, and design for the pipe withwhich they will be furnished.9. Sizes and Dimensions9.1 The nominal length for fiber-cement underdrain pipeshall be designated by the manufacturer. Unless otherwiseagreed by the Owner, furnish
23、 a maximum of 15 % of the totalfootage of any one size and type for any order, at themanufacturers option, in pipe lengths shorter than the nomi-nal. These shall be termed random lengths.9.2 A tolerance of 1 in. 25 mm shall apply to nominalstandard lengths, and 6 in. 150 mm shall apply to randomleng
24、ths. For billing purposes, random lengths shall be classifiedto 6 in. 150 mm increments, allowing a tolerance of +5 and1 in. +125 and 25 mm.9.3 The average inside diameter of the pipe shall not be lessthan nominal by 0.25 in. 6 mm or 112 %, whichever isgreater.10. Perforations10.1 Perforations, when
25、 required, shall be circular holes,0.25 6 0.05 in. 6 6 1.5 mm in diameter, arranged in rowsparallel to the axis of the pipe. Perforations shall be approxi-mately 3 in. 75 mm center-to-center, along the rows. Rowsshall be arranged in two equal groups on either side of thevertical center line of the p
26、ipe, and the total number of rowsshall be as shown in Table 2. The lowermost rows ofperforations in each group shall be separated by an arc of 901.6 rad and the upper most rows of perforations in each groupshall be separated by an arc of 160 2.8 rad. The spacing ofrows between these limits shall be
27、uniform. Holes may appearat the ends of short and random lengths.11. Sampling11.1 All material tested under this specification shall be in asaturated condition after immersion under water at 73 6 7F23 6 4C for a minimum of 24 h.11.1.1 Employ sampling procedures providing an averageoutgoing quality l
28、imit (AOQL) of 6.5 %, except where specificsampling is required by particular test procedures. AppendixX2 describes a sampling plan which provides an AOQL of 6.5%.11.1.2 The minimum sample size for sampling and accep-tance by attributes or variables shall be in Table 3.11.1.3 Pipes of different size
29、s or classes but of sequentialmanufacture in a continuous manufacturing process may besampled as being in the same inspection lot.11.2 For crushing tests sample the required number of fulllengths of pipe according to the inspection lot size. Cut one testspecimen 12 in. 300 mm long from the unmachine
30、d end ofeach of the selected pipe lengths. (WarningIn addition toother precautions, when cutting fiber-cement products mini-mize the dust that results. Prolonged breathing or frequentbreathing of significant airborne concentrations of silica ishazardous. When such dust is generated, effective measur
31、esshall be taken to prevent inhalation.)NOTE 3When sampling from continuous production, these tests maybe conducted on dry, equilibrium, or saturated specimens, provided arelationship can be established between this testing and the specifiedvalues.NOTE 4A manufacturers process with an AOQL of 6.5 %
32、indicatesthat better than 93.5 % of the inspected production exceeds the specifi-cations for marginally accepted product. This type of specificationprovides the protection and confidence of a clearly defined lowerboundary. This would not be true if acceptance were based solely on theaverage value of
33、 the measured property. Examples of sampling schemesTABLE 1 Crushing StrengthNominal Size Crushing Load, minin. mm lbf/ft kN/m4 100 1000 156 150 1100 168 200 1300 1910 250 1400 2012 300 1500 22TABLE 2 PerforationsNominal Size Rows of Perforationsin. mm4 100 46 150 48 200 410 250 612 300 6C1447/C1447
34、M 04 (2014)2which may be used can be found in documents such as ISO 390. Othersampling schemes may be used which maintain equally rigorous qualitylevels. Inspection by attributes consists of determining, for every item ofa sample, the presence or absence of a certain qualitative characteristic(attri
35、bute) with respect to the applicable specification. It is, in essence, apass-fail inspection which determines the number of items in a sample thatdo or do not conform to the specification. An attribute could be adimensional measurement, or a flexural strength value, or others that aredescribed in th
36、ese test methods. Inspection by variable consists ofmeasuring a quantitative characteristic for each item in a sample.Conformance with the applicable specification is determined from themean values of the measured properties and the statistical variations ofthese values above and below the mean. App
37、endix X2 details samplingplans to suit all common sampling situations, and specifies the number ofspecimens to be taken from each batch and the acceptance/rejectioncriteria. The specified inspection levels have been selected to suitfiber-cement products, to balance the cost of assessment against con
38、fi-dence in results commensurate with this industry.12. Inspection12.1 All material furnished under this specification shallconform to the requirements stated herein and shall be sub-jected to the factory inspection and tests prescribed in thisspecification. When requested by the purchaser on his or
39、der,the manufacturer shall notify the purchaser of the time that theinspection and testing will take place to allow the purchaser toarrange for witnessing such tests and inspections at his ownexpense. In lieu of such inspection, when requested, themanufacturer shall be prepared to certify that his p
40、roductconforms to the requirements of this specification.12.2 Each pipe and coupling shall be inspected by themanufacturer before shipment for compliance with the stan-dards for dimensions, tolerances, and workmanship and finish(see Section 9).12.3 The manufacturer shall maintain a Quality Manualwhi
41、ch includes organizational responsibilities in the manufac-turing process, the specification of all raw materials, thespecification of key process variables, the specification of testmethods to be used for testing material in process, and aProcess Quality Assurance Inspection and Test Plan whichesta
42、blishes those parts of the process which are subject toregular quality assurance inspection and test.12.4 When requested by the purchaser for the purposes ofquality assurance, and to ensure product conformity, a copy ofthe Process QualityAssurance Inspection and Test plan shall besupplied by the man
43、ufacturer.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 Failure of an inspection lot to comply with the mini-mum crushing loads of Table 1 using a sampling plan with anAOQL of 6.5 % shall be cause for rejection of that lot.13.2 Material that fails to conform to the requirements ofthis specification constitutes gr
44、ounds for rejection. Rejectionshall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly inwriting. In case of disagreement with the results of the test,either the producer or supplier is able to make claim for arehearing.14. Marking and Shipping14.1 Standard and Random LengthsEach standard orrandom len
45、gth of pipe shall be marked clearly on the outsidesurface with the trade name, nominal inside diameter, type, anddate of manufacture in alkali resistant ink or indelible paint.14.2 All pipe and couplings, unless otherwise specified,shall be prepared for standard commercial shipment.15. Keywords15.1
46、drainage; fiber-cement; perforated; pipe; subsurface;underdrainSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe following supplementary requirements S1 and S2 shall apply when material is supplied underthis specification for U.S. Government procurement.S1. PackagingS1.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the
47、materialshall be packaged in accordance with the producers standardpractice which will be acceptable to the carrier at lowest rates.Containers and packing shall comply with Uniform FreightClassification Rules or National Motor Freight ClassificationRules. Marking for shipment of such material shall
48、be inaccordance with Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies andMIL-STD-129 for military agencies.S2. Responsibility for InspectionS2.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the producer is responsible for the testing of all materialto ensure compliance with the requirements spec
49、ified herein.Except as otherwise specified in the contract or order, theproducer will use suitable facilities for the performance of theinspection and test requirements specified herein, unless dis-approved by the purchaser. The purchaser shall have the rightto perform any of the inspections and tests set forth in thisTABLE 3 Minimum Quality Sample SizeInspection by Variables Inspection by AttributesInspection Lot Size NumberSamplesInspection Lot Size NumberSamples280 3 150 5281500 4 151500 85021200 5 5013200 13C1447/C1447M 04
