1、Designation: C 1471 05Standard Guide forthe Use of High Solids Content Cold Liquid-AppliedElastomeric Waterproofing Membrane on Vertical Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content,cold liquid-applied elastome
3、ric waterproofing membrane thatmeets the performance criteria specified in Specification C 836,subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofingsystem intended for installation on vertical cast-in-place con-crete surfaces.1.2 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is notawa
4、re of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl
5、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No.200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingC 717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC 836 Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied
6、Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Usewith Separate Wearing CourseC 898 Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Sepa-rate Wearing CourseD 4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete bythe Plastic Sheet Method3. Terminology3.1 Def
7、initionsRefer to Terminology C 717 for definitionsof terms used in this standard.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 drainage compositegeocomposite consisting of ageotextile filter fabric and a drainage core of various thick-nesses and shapes.4. Significance and Use4.1 This grad
8、e provides considerations for the design andinstallation of liquid-applied waterproofing systems. The intentis to provide information and guidelines for consideration bydesigners. Typical uses for these systems include, amongothers, planters and foundation walls with drainage systems.4.2 This guide
9、is intended to be considered in conjunctionwith Guide C 898 to provide total system guidelines.5. Comparison to Other Standards5.1 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is notaware of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.6. General6.1 GeneralThe major components to
10、 be considered for abelow grade building wall waterproofing system are thestructural wall or substrate to be waterproofed, waterproofingmembrane, membrane protection, drainage, and backfill. Ad-ditional components to be considered are membrane termina-tions, penetrations, joints, and thermal insulat
11、ion.6.2 CompatibilityIt is essential that all components andcontiguous elements be compatible, and that they be coordi-nated to form an integrated waterproofing system.6.3 ContinuityIt is essential that the waterproofing mem-brane, including all joints and transitions, is continuous.Special attentio
12、n must be paid to changes in plane, transitionsfrom one substrate to another, terminations, and abuttingwaterproofing systems. Expansion and control joints in abut-ting vertical and horizontal surfaces must maintain the conti-nuity of the system. It is recommended that, during system1This guide is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000
14、as C 1471-00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
15、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.development and documentation, isometric drawings be madeof three dimensional connections and transitions.7. Substrate7.1 GeneralThe building wall substrate referred to in thisguide is reinforced, cast-in-place concrete.7.2 StrengthT
16、he strength of concrete is a factor to beconsidered with respect to liquid-applied membranes so far asit relates to surface finish, bond strength, and continuingintegrity (absence of cracks and other concrete defects thatcould affect the integrity of the membrane).7.3 Density and Moisture ContentThe
17、 density and mois-ture content of concrete when cured are interrelated. Exces-sively high moisture content can affect adhesion of the mem-brane to a substrate as moisture may condense at the membraneto concrete interface and cause membrane delamination. Lowermoisture contents are achieved with the u
18、se of hard, densestone aggregate. This type of coarse aggregate will generallyprovide structural concrete with moisture content from 3 to 5%when cured. The concrete substrate should have a minimumdensity of 2100 kg/m3(130 lb./ft3) and a maximum moisturecontent of 8% when cured.7.4 AdmixturesPolymeri
19、c, latex, or other organic chemi-cal based admixtures or modifiers can coat the concreteparticles and reduce the adhesion of the membrane to thesubstrate. If the concrete substrate will contain any admixtures,the membrane manufacturer should be consulted and shouldapprove the use of the membrane wit
20、h the specific proposedadmixtures.7.5 Release and Curing AgentsForm release agents andform oils are often used to facilitate the removal of the concreteform work, and curing agents are sometimes applied to thegreen (uncured) concrete surface. These chemicals can reducethe adhesion of the membrane to
21、 the concrete, and their useshould be coordinated with and be accepted by the membranemanufacturer. Form oils should not be used on areas to receivewaterproofing. If form oils were used, sandblasting or otherapproved methods must be used to remove the form oils priorto waterproofing application.7.6
22、FinishThe structural wall should have a smooth formfinish. The surface should provide a mechanical bond for themembrane but not be so rough as to preclude achievingcontinuity of the membrane and the specified membranethickness across its surface. All fins, projections, tie rod holes,and honeycomb mu
23、st be repaired. The removal of fins andsimilar projections is especially critical, because they causethin spots in the membrane that are easily punctured. Theconcrete surface at the top of the wall and at the footing shouldbe of the same quality as the face of the wall. The footingshould be troweled
24、 smooth and be free of fins, burrs, and largeirregularities. A minimum width of 200 mm, with 300 mmpreferred, should be available on the footing to effectivelyterminate the waterproofing membrane. The top of the footingshould be sloped away from the wall.7.7 DrynessMembrane manufacturers requirement
25、s forsubstrate dryness vary and can include being visibly dry,passing a 4 hour glass test, passing Test Method D 4263 withno condensate, or having a specific maximum moisture contentas measured by a moisture meter. Refer to and meet themanufacturers requirements for the particular membrane be-ing ap
26、plied. It is recommended that the membrane not beapplied sooner than 28 days after concrete placement.7.8 JointsJoints in structural concrete walls are referred toin this guide as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, andexpansion joints.7.8.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-lin
27、e cracks, cold joints, construction joints. or control jointsheld together with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. Theseare considered static joints with little or no anticipated move-ment because the reinforcement is continuous across the joint.7.8.2 Unreinforced JointsUnreinforced joints consi
28、st ofbutted construction joints and isolation joints not held togetherwith steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These joints aregenerally considered as non-moving or static joints. However,they should be considered as capable of some movement, themagnitude of which is difficult to predict.7.8.3 Ex
29、pansion JointsExpansion joints are designed toaccommodate a predetermined amount of movement. Suchmovement can be due to thermal change, shrinkage, creep,deflection, or other factors. In detailing watertight expansionjoints, the amount of movement must be determined using areasonable factor of safet
30、y since accurate prediction of themagnitude of movement is difficult. The size and configurationof the joint should then be related to the capability of themembrane and joint seal materials to accommodate the antici-pated movement.8. Waterproofing Membrane8.1 GeneralApplication of the membrane may b
31、e bybrush, trowel, roller, and/or spray equipment, depending on themanufacturers recommended or required procedures and thejob site conditions. A two coat application is preferable to asingle coat application, because it provides some redundancyand it is easier to meet or exceed the minimum required
32、membrane thickness. It also reduces the tendency for mem-brane material to slide or sag, and pinholes in the first coat canbe covered by the second coat.8.1.1 One-part membrane materials should be stirred thor-oughly prior to application With two-part materials, stir eachcomponent separately before
33、combining. Thoroughly mix thetwo components together so the curing agent is uniformlydispersed in the base component, ensuring even curing of themembrane. Mixing should be at a slow speed, 80 to 150 rpm,to avoid entrapping air in the material. The bottom and sides ofthe container should be scraped w
34、ith a square edged spatuladuring mixing.8.1.2 Some materials require the use of a primer on somesubstrates. Review the manufacturers requirements, and usethe recommended primer where necessary.8.1.3 A coverage rate of 1.5 L/m2(4 gal/100 ft2) of surfacearea on a smooth substrate yields a dry-film thi
35、ckness of 1.5 60.1 mm (60 6 5 mils) using materials that are 100% solids. Theproducts described by this guide are marketed by a number ofmanufacturers and may have different minimum requiredmembrane thicknesses. This guide is predicated upon a mini-mum dry-film thickness of 1.5 6 0.1 mm. When the so
36、lidscontent of the waterproofing membrane is less than 100%, theC1471052coverage rate required to achieve a 1.5 mm dry-film thicknessis calculated by the following formula:1.5 L/m2% solids by volume expressed as a decimal!5 L/m2(1)The manufacturers data sheets should be consulted for theyield of the
37、 proposed product.8.1.4 The application thickness should be monitored closelyto assure that the membrane is applied at the specified wet-filmthickness. The application thickness should be checked whilethe film is still liquid with a wet-film thickness gauge or otherappropriate means. Two to three ch
38、ecks, per 10 m2(100 ft2),should be performed. Irregular substrates should be monitoredmore closely and require heavier average application to main-tain the specified minimum membrane thickness. Damage tothe membrane caused by the depth gauge must be repairedbefore the membrane cures.8.1.5 The cured
39、membrane should be carefully inspected forvoids and thin spots. The membrane thickness should bespecified as the minimum allowable thickness at any point, notas an average thickness. All defects should be repaired accord-ing to the manufacturers recommendations prior to placementof the protection co
40、urse.8.2 Adhesion to SubstrateA liquid-applied waterproofingmembrane must adhere to the substrate in order to stay in placeprior to backfilling and to prevent water accumulation andmovement between the membrane and the substrate. Waterpenetrating an unbonded membrane could migrate laterallyunder the
41、 membrane until reaching a crack or defect in thestructural wall and then leak through to the interior. Leakagethrough the wall would not necessarily indicate the location ofwater entry through the membrane. That point could be aconsiderable distance away, and removal of large areas ofbackfill might
42、 be required before it is located.8.2.1 The substrate must be dry and frost-free on the surfaceand throughout the depth of the concrete when the membraneis applied. Excessive moisture in the substrate or moisture onthe surface from frost, rain, or condensation may cause animproper cure, formation of
43、 gas pockets, or little or noadhesion to the substrate. Should rain or snow interrupt theapplication after at least one coat of material has been applied,the manufacturers instructions should be followed pertainingto treatment of the cured material prior to continuing applica-tion.8.3 TerminationsTh
44、e waterproofing system should termi-nate a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) above the finish grade orbrick ledge. Where a concrete wall is to be exposed abovegrade, the waterproofing may be terminated no more than 50mm (2 in.) below grade. It should be recognized that the areaabove the termination is vulne
45、rable to water penetrationthrough cracks or joints and these areas must be addressed.8.3.1 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-mum of 300 mm (12 in.) below the lower floor line or on topof the footing a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) out from the wallface. The system should never be terminat
46、ed above thedrainage collection level. See Fig. 1.8.3.2 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-mum of 600 mm (24 in.) onto intersecting walls, columns, orcounterforts. Under certain conditions, such as the intersectionof a retaining wall with the main foundation wall, it is desirableto pro
47、vide continuous wall waterproofing prior to the place-ment of the intersecting wall.8.3.3 The waterproofing system on vertical walls shouldconnect with below slab waterproofing when used. When thetwo membranes are the same material or compatible materials,they may lap each other. This may be accompl
48、ished byapplying the membrane to the top of the footing prior topouring the concrete wall (Fig. 1). When the two membranesdo not connect but are separated by the wall, care must betaken to assure that the footing and wall are watertight.Concrete additives are sometimes used for this purpose.8.3.4 Wh
49、ere the membrane connects with a horizontalplaza, the transition should be carefully evaluated and de-signed. Compatibility between membrane systems will beassured if the same material is used for both the vertical andhorizontal surfaces. If different systems are used, it is importantthat they be compatible. The manufacturers of both systemsshould accept the specific membrane materials and details thatwill be used. Expansion joints should be continuous fromhorizontal to vertical surfaces and have similar treatments.8.3.5 Interior corners, both horizontal and
