1、Designation: C 1472 06Standard Guide forCalculating Movement and Other Effects When EstablishingSealant Joint Width1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1472; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information on performance factorssuch as movement, construction tolerances, and other effec
3、tsthat should be accounted for to properly establish sealant jointsize. It also provides procedures to assist in calculating anddetermining the required width of a sealant joint enabling it torespond properly to those movements and effects. Informationin this guide is primarily applicable to single-
4、 and multi-component, cold-applied joint sealants and secondarily toprecured sealant extrusions when used with properly preparedjoint openings and substrate surfaces.1.2 Although primarily directed towards the understandingand design of sealant joints for walls for buildings and otherareas, the info
5、rmation contained herein is also applicable tosealant joints that occur in horizontal slabs and paving systemsas well as various sloped building surfaces.1.3 This guide does not describe the selection and propertiesof joint sealants (1)2, which are described by Guide C 1299,nor their use and install
6、ation, which is described by GuideC 1193.1.4 For protective glazing systems that are designed to resistblast and other effects refer to Guide 1564 in combination withthis guide.1.5 This guide is not applicable to the design of joints sealedwith aerosol foam sealants.1.6 For structural sealant glazin
7、g systems refer to GuideC 1401 in combination with this guide.1.7 The values and calculations stated in SI units are to beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses andinch-pound units are provided for information only. SI units inthis guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10-199
8、7.1.8 The Committee having jurisdiction for this guide is notaware of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
9、 appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade from Clay or Shale)C 717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC 719 Test Met
10、hod for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (HockmanCycle)C 794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of ElastomericJoint SealantsC 920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC 1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC 1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Appl
11、ied Seal-antsC 1401 Guide for Structural Sealant GlazingC 1481 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants with ExteriorInsulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)C 1518 Specification for Precured Elastomeric SiliconeJoint SealantsC 1523 Test Method for Determining Modulus, Tear andAdhesion Properties of Precured Elas
12、tomeric Joint Seal-antsC 1564 Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for ProtectiveGlazing Systems2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society ofCivil Engineers (ASCE), and The Masonry Society (TMS):4Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 401-02) Reported b
13、y the Ma-sonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC)1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C24 on Building Sealsand Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on Specifi-cations, Guides and Practices.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Origin
14、allyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 1472 05.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
15、al Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333,American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801Alexander BellDr., Reston, VA 20191 and The Masonry
16、Society, 3970 Broadway, Suite 201-D,Boulder, CO 80304-1135.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI):5Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production ofArchitectural Precast Concret
17、e Products, MNL-177-772.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE):6Chapter 27, Climatic Design Information, Tables 1A, 1B,2A, 2B, 3A, 3B,ASHRAE 2002 Fundamentals Handbook2.5 Brick Industry Association (BIA):7Volume Changes, and Effects of Movement, Pa
18、rt I, Techni-cal Notes on Brick Construction, No. 18, Reissued Sept.20002.6 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.(IEEE) and ASTM:3IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002 Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.7 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory:8The
19、rm 5.2 Two-Dimensional Building Heat-Transfer Mod-eling Software3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C 717 for definitions of theterms used in this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of linear thermal movementan increaseor decrease in unit l
20、ength per unit change in material tempera-ture of a material or assembly of materials.3.2.2 coeffcient of solar absorptiona factor describing thecapability of a material or assembly of materials to absorb apercentage of incident solar radiation.3.2.3 heat capacity constanta factor describing the cap
21、a-bility of a material or assembly of materials to store heatgenerated by absorbed solar radiation.3.3 Symbols:a = Coefficient of linear thermal movementaB= Coefficient of linear thermal movement for brickaX= Coefficient of linear thermal movement for a par-ticular materialA = Coefficient of solar a
22、bsorptionAB= Coefficient of solar absorption for brickAX= Coefficient of solar absorption for a particularmaterialB = Sealant backing lengthC = CompressionCB= Construction tolerance for brick masonryCX= Construction tolerance for a particular material orsystemE = ExtensionEL= Longitudinal extensionE
23、T= Transverse extensionEX= Longitudinal or transverse movement for a particu-lar conditionH = Heat capacity constantHX= Heat capacity constant for a particular materialI = Moisture-induced irreversible growthL = Unrestrained length or sealant joint spacingDLB= Dimensional change due to brick thermal
24、 move-mentDLC= Dimensional change due to compressionDLE= Dimensional change due to extensionDLI= Dimensional change due to irreversible moisturemovementDLL= Dimensional change due to longitudinal extensionDLP= Dimensional change due to precast concrete ther-mal movementDLR= Dimensional change due to
25、 reversible moisturemovementDLT= Dimensional change due to transverse extensionDLX= Dimensional change for a particular conditionR = Moisture induced reversible growthS = Sealant movement capacityTA= Hottest summer air temperatureTIS= Maximum summer installation wall surface tem-peratureTIW= Minimum
26、 winter installation wall surface tempera-tureTS= Hottest summer wall surface temperatureTW= Coldest winter wall surface temperatureDTM= Maximum expected temperature differenceDTS= Summer installation temperature differenceDTW= Winter installation temperature differenceDTX= Temperature difference fo
27、r a particular conditionW = Final designed sealant joint widthWM= Sealant joint width required for movementWR= Sealant joint width at rest prior to movement4. Significance and Use4.1 Design professionals, for aesthetic reasons, have desiredto limit the spacing and width of sealant joints on exterior
28、 wallsand other locations of new buildings. Analysis of the perfor-mance factors and especially tolerances that affect a sealantjoint is necessary to determine if a joint will have durabilityand be effective in maintaining a seal against the passage of airand water and not experience premature deter
29、ioration. Ifperformance factors and tolerances are not understood andincluded in the design of a sealant joint, then the sealant mayreach its durability limit and failure is a distinct possibility.4.2 Sealant joint failure can result in increased buildingenergy usage due to air infiltration or exfil
30、tration, waterinfiltration, and deterioration of building systems and materi-als. Infiltrating water can cause spalling of porous and friablebuilding materials such as concrete, brick, and stone; corrosionof ferrous metals; and decomposition of organic materials,among other effects. Personal injury
31、can result from a fallincurred due to a wetted interior surface as a result of a failedsealant joint. Building indoor air quality can be affected due toorganic growth in concealed and damp areas. Deterioration is5Available from the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), 209 W. Jackson Blvd.#500, Chic
32、ago, IL 60606.6Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329.7Available from Brick Industry Association (BIA), formerly Brick Institute ofAmerica, 11490 Commerce Park Dr., Reston, VA 20191-1525.8Avai
33、lable from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 7 Cyclotron Road,Berkeley, CA 94720.C1472062often difficult and very costly to repair, with the cost of repairwork usually greatly exceeding the original cost of the sealantjoint work.4.3 This guide is applicable to sealants with an establishedmoveme
34、nt capacity, in particular elastomeric sealants that meetSpecification C 920 with a minimum movement capacity ratingof 6 1212 percent. In general, a sealant with less than 6 1212percent movement capacity can be used with the joint widthsizing calculations; however, the width of a joint using such as
35、ealant will generally become too large to be practicallyconsidered and installed. It is also applicable to precuredsealant extrusions with an established movement capacity thatmeets Specification C 1518.4.4 The intent of this guide is to describe some of theperformance factors and tolerances that ar
36、e normally consid-ered in sealant joint design. Equations and sample calculationsare provided to assist the user of this guide in determining therequired width and depth for single and multi-component,liquid-applied sealants when installed in properly preparedjoint openings. The user of this guide s
37、hould be aware that thesingle largest factor contributing to non-performance of sealantjoints that have been designed for movement is poor workman-ship. This results in improper installation of sealant and sealantjoint components. The success of the methodology describedby this guide is predicted on
38、 achieving adequate workmanship.4.5 Joints for new construction can be designed by therecommendations in this guide as well as joints that havereached the end of their service life and need routine mainte-nance or joints that require remedial work for a failure toperform. Guide C 1193 should also be
39、 consulted when design-ing sealant joints. Failure to install a sealant and its compo-nents following its guidelines can and frequently will result infailure of a joint design.4.6 Peer reviewed papers, published in various ASTMSpecial Technical Publications (STP), provide additional infor-mation and
40、 examples of sealant joint width calculations thatexpand on the information described in this guide (2-5). Forcases in which the state of the art is such that criteria for aparticular condition is not firmly established or there arenumerous variables that require consideration, a referencesection is
41、 provided for further consideration.4.7 To assist the user of this guide in locating specificinformation, a detailed listing of guide numbered sections andtheir headings is included in Appendix X1.5. Performance Factors5.1 GeneralProper sealant joint design can not be ad-equately performed without a
42、 knowledge and understanding offactors that can affect sealant performance. The followingdescribes most of the commonly encountered performancefactors that are known to influence sealant joint design. Theseperformance factors can act individually or, as is mostly thecase, in various combinations dep
43、ending on the characteristicsof a particular joint design.5.2 Material and System AnchorageThe type and locationof various wall anchors has an impact on the performance of asealant joint (6). Large precast concrete panels with fixed andmoving anchors, brick masonry support system deflectionbetween s
44、upports (3), and metal and glass curtain wall fixedand moving anchorages are examples of anchorage conditionsthat must be considered and evaluated when designing sealantjoints for movement. Anchor types and their locations have aneffect on determining the effective length of wall material orsupport
45、system deflection characteristics that need to beincluded when designing for sealant joint width.5.3 Thermal MovementWalls of buildings respond toambient temperature change, solar radiation, black-body radia-tion, wetting and drying effects from precipitation, and varyingcloud cover by either increa
46、sing or decreasing in volume andtherefore in linear dimension. The dimensional change of wallmaterials causes a change in the width of a sealant jointopening, producing a movement in an installed sealant. Ther-mal movement is the predominate effect causing dimensionalchange.5.3.1 Depending on when a
47、 sealant is installed, thermalmovement may need to be evaluated at different stages in abuildings life; for example, expected temperature differentialsmay need to be considered for the building when it is: 1) underconstruction, 2) unoccupied and unconditioned, and 3) occu-pied and conditioned. Each
48、of these stages will have differentinterior environmental conditions, and depending on the build-ing enclosure material or system being analyzed for movement,one of those stages may produce the maximum expectedthermal movement. The required joint opening width, depend-ing on construction procedures
49、and material or wall systemtypes, could be established during one of those stages.5.3.2 Determining realistic material or wall surface tem-peratures to establish the expected degree of thermal move-ment can be challenging. The ASHRAE Fundamentals Hand-book, Chapter 27 Climatic Design Information, lists winter andsummer design dry bulb air temperatures for many cities.These listed values can be used to assist in calculating expectedsurface temperatures for use in joint width calculations. Forconvenience, dry bulb air temperatures for selected NorthAmerican locations have bee
