1、Designation: C1479 13C1479 16Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, andCulvert Pipe Using Standard Installations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1479; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used
3、 for the conveyance of sewage, industrialwastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice C1479M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns
4、, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and
5、 Related ProductsC1417 Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct DesignC1479M Practice for Installation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe Using Standard Installations(Metric)D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction
6、Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification S
7、ystem)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway BridgesM 145 Classification of Soils and SoilAggrega
8、te Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesT 99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305 mm) DropT 180 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 10 lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457 mm) DropT 310 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of So
9、il and SoilAggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)2.3 ASCE Standards:4ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.3.2 For t
10、erminology related to soil classifications, see Practice D2487 and Practice D2488.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating to structural design, see ASCE 15.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
11、C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Oct. 15, 2016. Published February 2013October 2016. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20122013as C1479 12.C1479 - 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1479-13.10.1520/C1479-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM webs
12、ite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St
13、., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indicat
14、ion of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be cons
15、idered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the definitions and limits of the terms: foundation, subgrade, bedding, outer bedding, middle bedding,haunch, lower side, backfill or
16、overfill, invert, crown, springline, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe as used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. NotationsDi = inside diameter of pipe, in.Do = outside diameter o
17、f pipe, in.H = design height of earth above top of pipe, ft.w = unit weight of soil, lb/ft3.6. Standard Installations6.1 The precast concrete pipe/soil system shall be constructed to conform to the requirements of Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and2 as designated on the plans.7. Excavation7.1 When rock
18、or other unyielding foundation material is encountered, it shall be removed at least to the requirements shownin Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2. Overexcavated areas shall be backfilled with approved materials and compacted to at leastthe standard proctor density specified for the bedding.7.2 Where
19、 surface water or groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall be dewatered.FIG. 1 Pipe/Installation TerminologyC1479 162FIG. 2 Standard Embankment InstallationsNOTE 1Clearance between pipe and trench wall shall be adequate to enable specified compaction but not less than Do/6.FIG. 3 Stan
20、dard Trench InstallationsC1479 1638. Foundation8.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situ soil, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.8.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered, the foundation shall be stabilized.8.3 Methods to prevent migration of soil fines shal
21、l be provided when groundwater or existing soil conditions are conduciveto particle migration. Gravelly soils, with little or no fines, could migrate under certain conditions, causing lack of support.8.4 Pipe installed over an unyielding foundation shall be cushioned so as to prevent blasting shock
22、when future blasting isanticipated in the area.9. Bedding9.1 The bedding shall be constructed uniformly over the full length of the pipe barrel, as required for the designated standardinstallation, to distribute the loadbearing reaction uniformly on the pipe barrel over its full length, and to maint
23、ain the required pipegrade. See Fig. 4. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shall be as required to achieve the specified compaction and asrequired by the project specifications.9.2 The bedding layers for standard installation Types 1, 2, and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as possib
24、le, but shall beloosely placed uncompacted material under the middle third of the pipe prior to placement of the pipe.9.3 The maximum aggregate size shall be 1 in. when the bedding thickness is less than 6 in. and 112-in. when the beddingthickness is 6 in. or greater, except as noted in 9.4.9.4 When
25、 in situ soils conforming to project specifications are used in constructing the outer bedding for Type 3 and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 3 in., or half the bedding thickness, whichever is less.TABLE 1 Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compac
26、tion RequirementsNOTE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I) refer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soi
27、ls than the Type 2, 3, and 4 installations. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for more informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate materi
28、al for bedding under the pipe. An uncompacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pip
29、e. To achieve a 90 to 95 % compaction with crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within Do/3 from the pipe springline, sh
30、all be compacted to at least the samecompaction as the majority of soil in the overfill zone.NOTE 5Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 6A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1 H or, for roadways,
31、 its top is at an elevation lower than1 ft below the bottom of the pavement base material.The minimum width of a subtrench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider, if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch andbedding zones.For subtrenches, except within Do/3 from the springl
32、ine, any portion of the lower side zone in the subtrench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalentsoil placed to the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone, or it shall be removedand replaced with soil compacted to the
33、 specified level.NOTE 7“Dumped” material without additional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter BeddingLowerSideType 1 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 mini
34、mum; not less than 6in.95 % Category I 90 % Category I,95 % Category IIType 2 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not less than 6in.90 % Category I or95 % Category II85 % Category I,90 % Category II,or 95 % Category IIIType 3 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If
35、 rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not less than 6in.85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category III85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category IIIType 4 No bedding required, except if rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum; not less than 6 in.No compaction required,except if Category III,us
36、e 85 % Category IIINo compaction required,except if Category III,use 85 % Category IIIC1479 1649.5 The use of aggregate sizes larger than 1 in. shall be limited to 20 % of the bedding material by weight.9.6 Bell holes shall be excavated in the bedding or foundation, or both, when installing pipe wit
37、h expanded bells so that the pipeis supported by the barrel and not by the bells. See Fig. 4.9.7 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas shall be compacted to at least the same requirements as for the lower sideareas.10. Pipe Placement and Joining10.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and gra
38、de shown on the project plans and specifications. The joint shall be as specifiedin the project specifications and shall be installed in accordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory) Where practical, work should be started at the lowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid
39、 with the bell end upgrade.10.2 If required, the top of the pipe section being laid shall be positioned to the correct rotational orientation and then joined.10.3 The bedding grade under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter shall be prepared before laying the pipe section.Making adjustments
40、 in grade by exerting force on the barrel of the pipe with excavating equipment, by lifting and dropping thepipe, or by lifting the pipe and packing bedding material under it shall be prohibited. If the installed pipe section is not on grade,the pipe section shall be completely unjoined, the grade c
41、orrected, and the pipe then rejoined.TABLE 2 Standard Trench Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction RequirementsNOTE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I) refer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values
42、 and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soils than the Type 2, 3, and 4 installations. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for mor
43、e informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate material for bedding under the pipe. An uncompacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may
44、 self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pipe. To achieve a 90 to 95 % compaction with crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4When t
45、he trench width specified must be exceeded, the owner shall be notified.NOTE 5The trench width shall be wider than shown (Fig. 3) if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch andbedding zones.NOTE 6Embankment loading shall be used when trench walls consist of emban
46、kment unless a geotechnical analysis is made and the soil in the trenchwalls is compacted to a higher level than the soil in the backfill zone.NOTE 7Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 8“Dumped” material without additional compactive effort
47、will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter BeddingLowerSideType 1 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not lessthan 6 in.95 % Category I Undisturbed natural soil with firmness
48、equivalent tothe following placed soils:90 % Category I,95 % Category II,or embankment to the same requirementsType 2 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not lessthan 6 in.90 % Category I or95 % Category IIUndisturbed natural soil with firmness equivalent tothe f
49、ollowing placed soils:85 % Category I,90 % Category II,95 % Category III,or embankment to the same requirementsType 3 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not lessthan 6 in.85 % Category I,90 % Category II,or 95 % Category IIIUndisturbed natural soil with firmness equivalent tothe following placed soils:85 % Category I,90 % Category II,95 % Category III,or embankment to the same requirementsType 4 No bedding required, except if rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not lessthan 6 in.No compaction required,except if Cat
