1、Designation: C 1479M 07METRICStandard Practice forInstallation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, andCulvert Pipe Using Standard Installations Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1479M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concretepipe intended t
3、o be used for the conveyance of sewage,industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction ofculverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C 1479.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1417 Specification for
5、 Manufacture of Reinforced Con-crete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for DirectDesignD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Ef
6、fort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI):
7、 The Modern Metric System2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway BridgesM 145 Classification of Soils and SoilAggregate Mix-tures for Highway Construction PurposesT99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a5.5-lb (2.5-kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305-mm) DropT 180 The Moisture-
8、Density Relations of Soils Using a10-lb (4.54-kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457-mm) DropT 310 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil andSoil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)2.3 ASCE Standard:4ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Usi
9、ng Standard Instal-lations (SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C 822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Prac-tices D 2487 and D 2488.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating tostructural design, see ASCE 15.3.4
10、 Fig. 1 illustrates the definitions and limits of the terms:foundation, subgrade, bedding, outer bedding, middle bedding,haunch, lower side, backfill or overfill, invert, crown, spring-line, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe as used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is useful a
11、s a reference by an owner andthe owners engineer in preparing project specifications.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on ConcretePipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007
12、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and Tr
13、ansportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
14、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. NotationsDi= inside diameter of pipe, mmDo= outside diameter of pipe, mmH = design height of earth above top of pipe, mw = unit weight of soil, N/m36. Standard Installations6.1 The precast concrete pipe/soil system shall be con-structed to conf
15、orm to the requirements of Figs. 2 and 3 andTables 1 and 2 as designated on the plans.7. Excavation7.1 When rock or other unyielding foundation material isencountered, it shall be removed at least to the requirementsshown in Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2. Overexcavatedareas shall be backfilled wi
16、th approved materials and com-pacted to at least the standard proctor density specified for thebedding.7.2 Where surface water or groundwater conditions exist,the site and trench shall be dewatered.8. Foundation8.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situsoil, stabilized soil, or comp
17、acted fill material.8.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered,the foundation shall be stabilized.8.3 Methods to prevent migration of soil fines shall beprovided when groundwater or existing soil conditions areconducive to particle migration. Gravelly soils, with little or nofines, coul
18、d migrate under certain conditions, causing lack ofsupport.8.4 Pipe installed over an unyielding foundation shall becushioned so as to prevent blasting shock when future blastingis anticipated in the area.9. Bedding9.1 The bedding shall be constructed uniformly over the fulllength of the pipe barrel
19、, as required for the designatedstandard installation, to distribute the load-bearing reactionuniformly on the pipe barrel over its full length, and tomaintain the required pipe grade. See Fig. 4. If placed in layers,FIG. 1 Pipe/Installation TerminologyC 1479M 072the thickness of the layers shall be
20、 as required to achieve thespecified compaction and as required by the project specifica-tions.9.2 The bedding layers for standard installation Types 1, 2,and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as possible, but shall beloosely placed uncompacted material under the middle third ofthe pipe prior to pl
21、acement of the pipe.9.3 The maximum aggregate size shall be 25 mm when thebedding thickness is less than 150 mm and 38 mm when thebedding thickness is 150 mm or greater, except as noted in 9.4.9.4 When in situ soils conforming to project specificationsare used in constructing the bedding for Type 3
22、and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greaterthan 75 mm, or half the bedding thickness, whichever is less.9.5 Bell holes shall be excavated in the bedding or founda-tion, or both, when installing pipe with expanded bells so thatthe pipe is supported by the barrel and not by the
23、 bells. See Fig.4.9.6 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas shall becompacted to at least the same requirements as for the lowerside areas.10. Pipe Placement and Joining10.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and grade shown onthe project plans and specifications. The joint shall be asspecif
24、ied in the project specifications and shall be installed inaccordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory) Where practical, work should be started at thelowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid with the bell end upgrade.10.2 If required, the top of the pipe section being
25、laid shallbe positioned to the correct rotational orientation and thenjoined.10.3 The bedding grade under the middle third of the pipeoutside diameter shall be prepared before laying the pipesection. Making adjustments in grade by exerting force on thebarrel of the pipe with excavating equipment, by
26、 lifting anddropping the pipe, or by lifting the pipe and packing beddingmaterial under it shall be prohibited. If the installed pipesection is not on grade, the pipe section shall be completelyunjoined, the grade corrected, and the pipe then rejoined.11. Haunch11.1 The haunch shall be constructed u
27、sing the specified soiltype and the minimum compaction level required for thedesignated standard installation. It shall be placed and com-pacted uniformly for the full length of the pipe barrel so as todistribute the load-bearing reaction uniformly to the beddingover the full length of the pipe barr
28、el. If placed in layers, thethickness of the layers shall be as required to achieve thespecified compaction and as required by the project specifica-tions.11.2 The maximum aggregate size for the haunch shall bethe same as the maximum aggregate size in the bedding asdefined in 9.3, except as noted in
29、 11.3.11.3 When in situ soils conforming to project specificationsare used in constructing the pipe haunches for Type 3 and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greaterthan 75 mm.FIG. 2 Standard Embankment InstallationsC 1479M 07311.4 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted t
30、o thespecified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to preventlateral displacement of the pipe.12. Lower Side12.1 The lower side, if not in situ, shall be constructed usingthe specified soil type and the minimum compaction levelrequired for the designated standard installation. If placed inlay
31、ers, the thickness of the layers shall be as required toachieve the specified compaction and as required by the projectspecifications.12.2 The soil, if not in situ, shall be material conforming tothe project specifications, and contain no debris, organicmatter, frozen material, or large stones with
32、a diameter greaterthan one half the thickness of the compacted layers beingplaced.12.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to thespecified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to preventlateral displacement of the pipe.13. Overfill13.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified in the
33、 projectspecifications. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layersshall be as required to achieve the specified compaction and asrequired by the project specifications.13.2 The soil shall be material conforming to the projectspecifications, and contain no debris, organic matter, frozenmaterial
34、, or large stones with a diameter greater than one halfthe thickness of the compacted layers being placed.13.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to thespecified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to preventlateral displacement of the pipe. The overfill placed within oneoutside dia
35、meter of the pipe that is above the springline andbelow the top of the pipe shall be compacted to at least thesame density as the majority of the overfill above the pipe.13.4 When impact or vibratory equipment is used forcompaction, care shall be taken to avoid damaging the pipe.14. Sheathing Remova
36、l and Trench Shield Advancement14.1 Unless sheathing is to be left in place, it shall be pulledout in vertical increments to permit placement and compactionof fill material for the full width of the trench.14.2 When trench shields or boxes are moved, the previ-ously placed pipe shall not be disturbe
37、d. The owner is advisedthat it may be necessary to restrain the installed pipe by use ofNOTEClearance between pipe and trench wall shall be adequate to enable specified compaction but not less than Do/6.FIG. 3 Standard Trench InstallationsC 1479M 074deadman anchors or other means. Voids that are cre
38、ated bymovement of a shield or box shall be filled and compacted.15. Precast Concrete Appurtenances15.1 Manholes shall be installed in a manner that willminimize differential settlement between the pipe and man-hole.15.2 Precast concrete fittings, such as tees and wyes, shallbe bedded, installed, an
39、d overfilled with the same material andin the same manner as the remainder of the pipeline to reducethe possibility of differential settlement between pipe andfittings.16. Minimum Cover for Construction Loads16.1 If the passage of construction equipment over aninstalled pipeline is necessary during
40、project construction,compacted overfill in the form of a ramp shall be constructedto a minimum elevation of 0.9 m over the top of the pipe or toa height such that the equipment loads on the pipe do notexceed the pipe design strength. To prevent possible lateraldisplacement of the pipe when the exist
41、ing ground is higher orlower than the top of this ramp, the overfill shall extend aminimum of one pipe diameter width or 0.9 m, whichever isgreater, beyond each side of the pipe and then have a gradualslope to ground level, not exceeding 1 vertical to 6 horizontal.If a large volume of construction t
42、raffic must cross an installedpipe, the point of crossing shall be changed occasionally tominimize the possibility of lateral displacement.17. Safety17.1 Safety requirements for construction shall be in accor-dance with the applicable federal, state, and local regulations.17.2 Open ends of installed
43、 pipe shall be covered duringovernight or longer periods of suspended work to preventaccess by animals, personnel, and accumulation of soil anddebris. Covers shall be braced or fastened to prevent move-ment. It is not required that these covers be watertight.NOTE 2(Advisory) If the pipe is plugged w
44、atertight when empty, thepossibility of pipe flotation should be investigated, and, if necessary,appropriate measures shall be taken to prevent flotation.TABLE 1 Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction RequirementsNOTE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I), re
45、fer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within Do/3 from the pipe springline, shall be compacted to at least the samecompaction as t
46、he majority of soil in the overfill zone.NOTE 3Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 4A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1H or, for roadways, its top is at an elevation lower than0.3 m below the
47、 bottom of the pavement base material.The minimum width of a subtrench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider, if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch and beddingzones.For subtrenches, except within Do/3 from the springline, any portion of the lower side zone in the subtr
48、ench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalentsoil placed to the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone, or it shall be removedand replaced with soil compacted to the specified level.NOTE 5“Dumped” material without add
49、itional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installationsand it should be checked for Type 3 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter BeddingLower SideType 1 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm95 % Category I 90 % Category I,95 % Category II, or100 % Category IIIType 2 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm90 % Category I or95 % Category II85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category
