1、Designation: C1490 14Standard Guide forthe Selection, Training and Qualification of NondestructiveAssay (NDA) Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1490; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide contains good practices for the selection,training, qualification, and professional development of
3、per-sonnel performing analysis, calibration, physicalmeasurements, or data review using nondestructive assayequipment, methods, results, or techniques. The guide alsocovers NDA personnel involved with NDA equipment setup,selection, diagnosis, troubleshooting, or repair. General guide-lines for the s
4、election, training, and qualification of NDAauditors are included as well, but at a lower level of detail dueto the variability of the personnels responsibilities performingthis functions. Selection, training, and qualification programsbased on this guide are intended to provide assurance that NDApe
5、rsonnel are suitably qualified and experienced personnel(SQEP) to perform their jobs competently. This guide presentsa series of options but does not recommend a specific course ofaction.This standard guide does not address the qualifications perse of an NDA Manager. However, it is expected that the
6、 NDAManager is familiar with NDA techniques, and can makeinformed decisions on the acceptability of the assay results. Ifan NDA Manager does not have adequate technical qualifica-tions in the NDA field, they are recommended to undergotraining to gain familiarity in this area.An NDA Manager with no r
7、elevant NDA experienceshould have access to a Senior NDAProfessional who will giveguidance for all technical decisions such as applicability andlimitation of methods, reasonableness of results, needed up-grades and advantageous development investments.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1030
8、 Test Method for Determination of Plutonium IsotopicComposition by Gamma-Ray SpectrometryC1133 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of SpecialNuclear Material in Low-Density Scrap and Waste bySegmented Passive Gamma-Ray ScanningC1207 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of Plutoniumin Scrap and Wast
9、e by Passive Neutron CoincidenceCountingC1221 Test Method for Nondestructive Analysis of SpecialNuclear Materials in Homogeneous Solutions by Gamma-Ray SpectrometryC1268 Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Am-ericium 241 in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray SpectrometryC1316 Test Method for Nondestru
10、ctive Assay of NuclearMaterial in Scrap and Waste by Passive-Active NeutronCounting Using252Cf ShufflerC1455 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of SpecialNuclear Material Holdup Using Gamma-Ray Spectro-scopic MethodsC1458 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of Plutonium,Tritium and241Am by Calori
11、metric AssayC1493 Test Method for Non-Destructive Assay of NuclearMaterial in Waste by Passive and Active Neutron Count-ing Using a Differential Die-Away SystemC1500 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of Plutoniumby Passive Neutron Multiplicity CountingC1514 Test Method for Measurement of235U Frac
12、tion UsingEnrichment Meter PrincipleC1592 Guide for Nondestructive Assay MeasurementsC1673 Terminology of C26.10 Nondestructive Assay Meth-odsC1718 Test Method for Nondestructive Assay of Radioac-tive Material by Tomographic Gamma ScanningC1726 Guide for Use of Modeling for Passive GammaMeasurements
13、3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology C1673 for definitions used in thistest method.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear FuelCycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.10 on Non DestructiveAssay.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published March
14、 2014. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C149004 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/C1490-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 The process of selection, training and qualification ofpersonnel involved with NDA measurements is one of t
16、hequality assurance elements for an overall quality NDA mea-surement program.4.2 This guide describes an approach to selection,qualification, and training of personnel that is to be used inconjunction with other NDA Quality Assurance (QA) programelements. The selection, qualification and training pr
17、ocessescan vary and this guide provides one such approach.4.3 The qualification activities described in this guide as-sume that NDA personnel are already proficient in generalfacility operations and safety procedures. The training andactivities that developed this proficiency are not covered in this
18、guide.4.4 This guide describes a basic approach and principles forthe qualification of NDAprofessionals and technical specialistsand operators. A different approach may be adopted by themanagement organization based on its particular organizationand facility specifics. However, if a variation of the
19、 approachof this guide is applied, the resulting selection, training, andqualification programs must meet the requirements of thefacility quality assurance program and should provide all theapplicable functions of Section 5.4.5 This guide may be used as an aid in the preparation ofa Training Impleme
20、ntation Plan (TIP) for the TransuranicWaste Characterization Program (TWCP).4.6 This guide describes education and expertise guidancefor NDA auditors due to the importance and complexity ofproper oversight of NDA activities.5. NDA Roles, Responsibilities, and Duties5.1 The application and use of NDA
21、 techniques includessuch diverse activities as data review and analysis; measure-ment control activities; equipment operation, troubleshootingand repair; all require different levels of education, expertise,and training. Therefore the implementation and continuedsuccessful application of an NDA meas
22、urement program re-quires a complex mixture of theory, experience, and profes-sional judgement. For NDA professionals, a wide variety ofskills and knowledge areas is required. These knowledge areasinclude: physics, chemistry, statistics, NDAmodeling methods,electronics, engineering, health physics,
23、quality assurance,nuclear safety, and appropriate regulatory requirements. Fortechnical specialists and operators, less emphasis can be put onformal education, but would be compensated for by higherlevels of job specific training.5.2 Based on roles and responsibilities, NDA personnel canbe broken in
24、to the following categories. These are not neces-sarily job titles and some facilities may combine one or morelevels. The activities exist in a broader organizational context.5.2.1 Senior NDA Professional:5.2.1.1 EducationAdvanced degree (M.S. or Ph.D.) inphysics, chemistry, or nuclear engineering a
25、nd five years NDAexperience; or fifteen equivalent years of experience in theNDA field.5.2.1.2 ExpertiseExpertise in most or all NDAtechniques.Recognized nationally as an expert in one or more NDA fieldsthrough publications, peer reviewed by other subject matterexperts (SMEs), active participation i
26、n national NDA confer-ences or conducting NDA training courses. Knowledge areascover most of those listed in 5.1. Core expertise in one or moreof the following areas, and familiarity with the others: TestMethods C1030, C1133, C1207, C1221, C1268, C1316,C1455, C1458, C1493, C1500, C1514, Guide C1592,
27、 Termi-nology C1673, Test Method C1718, and Guide C1726 areapplicable. The senior professional must adhere to t goodpractices for performing NDA measurements and data analysisto achieve quality results, as described in Guide C1592(Standard Guide for Making Quality Nond-Destructive AssayMeasurements)
28、. The senior professional must possess relevanttechnical knowledge of the physical and chemical properties ofthe materials being assayed, when available. In-depth knowl-edge of analysis algorithms applicability to the assay condi-tions (and limitations) for the NDA methods used is required. Knowledg
29、e of computational codes used for modeling, forexample MCNP and MCNPX, may be necessary.5.2.1.3 DutiesDesigns NDA measurement programs, in-cluding method selection and instrument performance specifi-cation. Performs NDA technical oversight over the entireprogram. Performs initial calibrations, quali
30、fications and cer-tifications for instruments and methods. Provides expert tech-nical data review. Provides consultation on NDA matters tovarious facility departments and organizations such as nuclearsafety, safeguards, nuclear materials control and accountability,waste characterization, waste dispo
31、sal and production opera-tions. Provides mentoring to other job categories.5.2.2 NDA Professional:5.2.2.1 EducationUndergraduate degree in physical sci-ence or engineering and five years NDA experience; or tenequivalent years of experience in the NDA field.5.2.2.2 ExpertiseExpertise in one or more N
32、DA tech-niques. Recognized in NDA field on a local or facility basis.Knowledge areas cover several of those listed in 5.1. Under-standing of the NDA methods contained in one or more of thefollowing: Test Methods C1030, C1133, C1207, C1221,C1268, C1316, C1455, C1458, C1493, C1500, C1514, GuideC1592,
33、Terminology C1673, Test Method C1718, and GuideC1726, are essential. The professional must be a practitionerof good practices for performing NDA measurements and dataanalysis to achieve quality results, as described in GuideC1592 (Standard Guide for Making Quality NondestructiveAssay Measurements).5
34、.2.2.3 DutiesProvides expert technical data review, andNDA measurement oversight. Performs routine instrumentqualification, calibration, and validation. Reviews and ap-proves measurement control data. Provides consulting on NDAmatters within his or her area of expertise to various facilitydepartment
35、s and organizations such as nuclear safety,safeguards, nuclear materials control and accountability, wastecharacterization, waste disposal, production operations. Men-tors technical specialists and operators.5.2.3 NDA Technical Specialist:C1490 1425.2.3.1 EducationUndergraduate degree or equivalentw
36、ith emphasis in the physical sciences and one year NDAexperience or a 12year General Education (High School) andtwo years NDA experience; or five equivalent years of expe-rience in the NDA field.5.2.3.2 ExpertiseKnowledgeable in one or more NDAtechniques. Knowledge areas may cover one or more of tho
37、selisted in 5.1.5.2.3.3 DutiesIndependent technical data review; instru-ment calibration, and validation. Performs measurement con-trol activities, instrument operation. Provides first response toinstrument problems, upset conditions. Performs troubleshoot-ing.5.2.4 NDA Qualified Instrument Operator
38、:5.2.4.1 Educationa 12year general education (highschool) or equivalent technical training, or two years ofexperience in the nuclear facility field.5.2.4.2 ExpertiseTrained and qualified in operation of oneor more NDA instruments.5.2.4.3 DutiesOperation of NDA instrument. Recordingof NDA data and ot
39、her duties as qualified and assigned.5.3 The hierarchy described above is only one set ofpossible tiers. Other tiered hierarchies providing equivalentfunctions are equally valid. The important consideration is theincreasing level of required expertise and independence ofaction with increasing job le
40、vel function. Based on site-specificpractices and policies, the four levels presented above may becollapsed or expanded and the duties listed may move to othertiers in the hierarchy.5.4 In addition to the NDA personnel described above, theservices of other specialists are often required. These inclu
41、destatisticians to help establish measurement uncertainties, con-trol limits, etc. Also, personnel trained in the maintenance andrepair of electronic and mechanical systems may be required.In all cases, the value of the services provided by thesespecialists is enhanced if they have a basic understan
42、ding ofNDA methods and instruments.5.5 Roles, Responsibilities, and Duties of NDA Auditors:5.5.1 NDA Auditor:5.5.1.1 EducationUndergraduate degree or equivalentwith emphasis in the physical sciences and two years experi-ence in the nuclear facility field; or an under graduate degree inan unrelated f
43、ield and four years experience in the nuclearfacility field.5.5.1.2 ExpertiseTrained and qualified nuclear facilityauditor. Demonstrated basic physics knowledge relevant todetection of neutrons and gamma rays. Familiarity with theNDA methods contained in those of the following that apply topersonnel
44、 being audited: Test Methods C1030, C1133, C1207,C1221, C1268, C1316, C1455, C1458, C1493, C1500, C1514,Guide C1592, Terminology C1673, Test Method C1718, andGuide C1726; and the good practices for performing NDAmeasurements and data analysis to achieve quality results, asdescribed in Guide C1592 (S
45、tandard Guide for Making Non-destructive Assay Measurements) is necessary.5.5.1.3 DutiesAudits of NDA measurement process,application, results, and compliance typically related to, radio-active waste, safeguards or nuclear criticality.6. Selection6.1 The selection of NDA personnel should be a carefu
46、l andthoughtful process that recognizes the responsibilities that areunique to the NDA position. The selection process shouldinclude an evaluation of the NDA candidates technical skills,as well as the individuals experience and past performancerelative to the position requirements.6.2 The attributes
47、, characteristics, and skills used as criteriafor selecting NDA candidates or trainees should includedemonstrated qualities such as: judgment, motivation,integrity, communication skills, teamwork skills, diagnosticskills, analytical ability, and strong technical competence.6.3 The NDA organization s
48、hould have a selection processfor initial hiring and promoting of personnel. This process mayinvolve a selection test, in addition to interviews. Selectionshould be based on the ability to meet position qualificationcriteria with reasonable amounts of training.7. Training7.1 Atraining program should
49、 be established to develop andenhance the skills, knowledge, and abilities of NDA trainees toperform their job assignments. The program should consist ofa combination of classroom-type and on-the-job training (OJT)and should include laboratory training (for those facilities thathave laboratory facilities), as it applies to the NDA position.7.2 Full implementation of an NDA training program re-quires a long-term commitment from both the NDA personneland management. Training activities should be carefully man-aged to produce effective results.7.3 Each NDA organiza
