1、Designation: C1504 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast convention-ally reinforc
3、ed concrete three-sided structures intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C1504has been developedC1504M; therefore, no metric equiva-lents are presented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification i
4、s primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. The successful performance of this product dependsupon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, andcare that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. Thepurchaser of the precast reinforced concre
5、te three-sided structure specifiedherein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the loading conditionsand the field requirements with the geometric section specified andprovide for inspection at the construction site.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarde
6、d separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82M Specificatio
7、n for Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A6
8、15M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA616/A616M Specification for Rail-Steel Deformed andPlain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement3A617/A617M Specification for Axle-Steel Deformed andPlain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement3A706/A706M Specification for Low-All
9、oy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC309 Spe
10、cification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural
11、 Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges43. Terminology3.1
12、DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to geomet-ric sections, see Terminology C822.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current
13、edition approved July 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1504 042. DOI:10.1520/C1504-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
14、ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
15、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manu-factured in accordance with this specification shall be desig-nated by span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections p
16、roduced inaccordance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results ofthe concrete compressive strength tests described in Section10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready forac
17、ceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitio
18、us Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozz
19、olancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious
20、MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(6) A combin
21、ation of portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag(7) A combination of Portland Cement, Ground GranulatedBlast Furnace Slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and Fly Ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cemen-titious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to
22、 SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends may beused with the approval of the purchaser.6.4.1 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will berequired on all products produced with positive slump, wet-cast concrete and
23、 shall conform to the requirements of Speci-fication C494/C494M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationsA185/A185M or A497/A497M or deformed and plain steel bars forreinforced concrete conforming to Specification A615/A615M,Grade 60,
24、 A616/A616M,orA617/A617M. Longitudinal dis-tribution reinforcement may consist of welded wire reinforce-ment or deformed billet-steel bars conforming to SpecificationA615/A615M, Grade 60.NOTE 2This specification does not address reinforcement with pre-stressing strand or any other form of pre-tensio
25、ning or post-tensioning.6.6 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers may be used, at the manufacturers option, inthree-sided structures as a nonstructural manufacturing mate-rial. Only type III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecifically for use in concrete and co
26、nforming to the require-ments of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections dimensionsand reinforcement details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Section 17.8 of the AASHTO StandardSpecifications for Highway Bridges. The minimum concret
27、ecompressive strength shall be 5000 psi, and the minimum steelyield strength shall be 65 000 psi for welded-wire reinforce-ment and 60 000 psi for deformed billet-steel bars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in., subject tothe provis
28、ions of Section 11. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than12 in. nor more than2 in. from the ends of each section. For three-sided sectionscovered by less than 2 ft of fill, minimum cover for thereinforcement in the top of the top slab shall be 2-in., subjectto the
29、 provisions of Section 11. Reinforcement shall beassembled utilizing any combination of single or multiplelayers of welded-wire reinforcement, not to exceed three layersor utilizing single or multiple layers of deformed billet steelbars, not to exceed two layers. The welded-wire reinforcementon 7.3
30、shall be composed of circumferential and longitudinalwires meeting the spacing requirements of 7.3 and shallcontain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through thethree-sided section to maintain the shape and position ofreinforcement. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement may bewelded-wire rei
31、nforcement or deformed billet-steel bars andshall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3. The ends of thelongitudinal distribution reinforcement shall not be more than2 in. from the ends of a three-sided section. The exposure of theends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position thereinf
32、orcement shall not be a cause for rejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the overlap measured between the outermostlongitudinal wires of each reinforcement sheet or the outermostbars shall not be les
33、s than the spacing of the longitudinal wiresplus 2 in. but not less than 10 in. For splices of deformed billetsteel bars, the overlap shall meet the requirements ofAASHTO. The outside circumferential reinforcement in thetop slab shall be continuous with or be lapped with the outsidecircumferential r
34、einforcement in the sides. If welds are made towelded wire reinforcement circumferential reinforcement, theyshall be made only to selected circumferential wires that arenot less than 18 in. apart along the longitudinal axis of theC1504 04 (2010)2three-sided section. When spacers are welded to circum
35、feren-tial wires, they shall be welded only to these selected circum-ferential wires. There shall be no welding to other circumfer-ential wires. No welds shall be made to the insidecircumferential wires in the middle third of the top span. Nowelds shall be made to the outside circumferential wires i
36、n thetop span within one fourth of the span from the corners or inany location in either leg. Welding of deformed billet steel barcircumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all cases. Whendistribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wi
37、res or barsand only near the ends of the three-sided section. The spacingcenter to center of the circumferential reinforcement shall notbe less than 2 in. nor more than 4 in. for welded wirereinforcement or less than 2 in. nor more than 8 in. fordeformed billet steel bars. The spacing center to cent
38、er of thelongitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 8 in. forwelded wire reinforcement or more than 12 in. for deformedbillet steel bars. If welds are made to Grade 60 reinforcing bars,weldable bars conforming to Specification A706/A706M shallbe used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concre
39、te three-sided structuresshall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt endsor key-way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the endsof the three-sided sections so formed that each section can belaid together to make a continuous line of sections compatiblewith the permissible variati
40、ons given in Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, propor-tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that each section will conform to thetest and design requirements of
41、 this specification. All concreteshall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding0.53 by weights. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than470 lb/yd3unless mix designs with a lower cementitiousmaterials content demonst
42、rate that the quality and performanceof the three-sided sections meet the requirements of thisspecification.9.2 CuringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for asufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop therequired compressive strength by the time of delivery. Any oneof the follo
43、wing methods of curing or combinations thereofmay be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be lowpressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Memb
44、rane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 10F of the atmospheric tempera-ture. All surfaces s
45、hall be kept moist prior to the application ofthe compounds and shall be damp when the compound isapplied.9.3 FormsThe forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the three-sided sectiondimensions within the permissible variations given in Section11. All casting s
46、urfaces shall be smooth nonporous material.9.4 HandlingHandling devices or holes shall be permittedin each three-sided section for the purpose of handling andlaying.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Type of Test SpecimenCompression tests for deter-mining concrete compressive strength may be made on eith
47、erstandard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders com-pacted and cured in like manner as the structure compacted andcured in like manner as the three-sided section, or on coresdrilled from the three-sided section.10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.2.1 Cylinders shall be obtained and t
48、ested for compres-sive strength in accordance with the provisions of PracticeC31/C31M and Test Method C39/C39M, except that thecylinders may be prepared by methods comparable to thoseused to consolidate and cure the concrete in the actualthree-sided section manufactured. Cylindrical specimens ofsize
49、s other than 6 by 12 in. may be used provided all otherrequirements of Practice C31/C31M are met. If the concrete isof a consistency too stiff for compaction by rodding or internalvibration, the alternate method described in Section II of TestMethods C497 may be used. Cylinders shall be exposed to thesame curing conditions as the manufactured three-sided sec-tions and shall remain with the sections until tested.10.2.2 Prepare no fewer than three test cylinders from eachdays production of the lot of three-sided sections.10.2.3 Acceptability on the Basis
