1、Designation: C1504 15aC1504 16Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinforced concret
3、e three-sided structures intended to be usedfor the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water.1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C1504 has been developedC1504M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is primaril
4、y a manufacturing and purchasing specification. The successful performance of this product depends upon theproper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser ofthe precast reinforced concrete three-s
5、ided structure specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the fieldrequirements with the geometric section specified and provisions for inspection at the construction site are required.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
6、No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinfor
7、cementA706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldC33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specime
8、nsC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Secti
9、ons, or TileC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C
10、1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification31 This s
11、pecification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 on AcceptanceSpecifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2016. Published October 2015February 2016. Originally appro
12、ved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asC1504 15.C1504 15a. DOI: 10.1520/C1504-15A.10.1520/C1504-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the
13、 standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
14、 of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be conside
15、red the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ACI Standard:ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to geo
16、metric sections, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manufactured in accordance with this specification shall be designated byspan, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections produced in accordance
17、with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and by inspectionof the finished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready for acceptance when they
18、conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixture, ifused, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cemen
19、titious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595/C595M, except that the pozz
20、olan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.4 Allowable Co
21、mbinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concrete shall beone of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination
22、of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash.6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and fly
23、ash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirements for gradation shall notapply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends are allowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to
24、 Specification C494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.4.5 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will be required on all products produced with positive slump, w
25、et-castconcrete and shall conform to the requirements of Specification C260/C260M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, for concrete. For circumferenti
26、al reinforcement,deformed and plain steel bars for reinforced concrete are permitted conforming to Specification A706/A706M or A615/A615M,Grade 60, and longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel barsconforming to Specification A706/A70
27、6M or A615/A615M, Grade 60.NOTE 2This specification does not address reinforcement with prestressing strand or any other form of pre-tensioning or post-tensioning.6.6 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concrete pipeas a nonstru
28、ctural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed andmanufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall beaccepted.4 Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O.
29、Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.C1504 1626.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections dimensions and reinforcemen
30、t details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Section 3, 5 and 12.14 of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The minimum concrete compressive strength shall be 5000 psi, and the minimum steel yieldstrength sha
31、ll be 65 000 psi for welded-wire reinforcement and 60 000 psi for deformed billet-steel bars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe minimum cover of concrete over the circumferential reinforcing diameter shall be 1 in.for bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcement for all structures up to 12 ft in s
32、pan, and 1.5 in. for longer spans subject tothe provisions of Section 11 for both bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcement. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than 12 in. nor more than 2 in. from the ends of each section. For three-sided sections coveredby le
33、ss than 2 ft of fill, minimum cover for the reinforcement in the top of the top slab shall be 2-in., subject to the provisions ofSection 11. Reinforcement shall be assembled utilizing any combination of single or multiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement,not to exceed three layers or utilizing si
34、ngle or multiple layers of deformed billet steel bars, not to exceed two layers. Thewelded-wire reinforcement on 7.3 shall be composed of circumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacing requirementsof 7.3 and shall contain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through the three-sided se
35、ction to maintain the shape and positionof reinforcement. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel bars andshall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3. The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall not be more than 2 in.from the
36、 ends of a three-sided section. The exposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position thereinforcement shall not be a cause for rejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferential reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the o
37、verlap measured between the outermost longitudinal wires of each reinforcement sheet or the outermost barsshall not be less than the spacing of the longitudinal wires plus 2 in. but not less than 10 in. For splices of deformed billet steelbars, the overlap shall meet the requirements of AASHTO. The
38、outside circumferential reinforcement in the top slab shall becontinuous with or be lapped with the outside circumferential reinforcement in the sides. If welds are made to welded wirereinforcement circumferential reinforcement, they shall be made only to selected circumferential wires that are not
39、less than 18in. apart along the longitudinal axis of the three-sided section. When spacers are welded to circumferential wires, they shall bewelded only to these selected circumferential wires. There shall be no welding to other circumferential wires. No welds shall bemade to the inside circumferent
40、ial wires in the middle third of the top span. No welds shall be made to the outside circumferentialwires in the top span within one fourth of the span from the corners or in any location in either leg. Welding of deformed billetsteel bar circumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all cases. Whe
41、n distribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wires or bars and only near the ends of the three-sided section. The spacing centerto center of the circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 2 in. nor more than 4 in. for welded wi
42、re reinforcement or lessthan 2 in. nor more than 8 in. for deformed billet steel bars. The spacing center to center of the longitudinal reinforcement shallnot be more than 8 in. for welded wire reinforcement or more than 12 in. for deformed billet steel bars. If welds are made to Grade60 reinforcing
43、 bars, weldable bars conforming to Specification A706/A706M shall be used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures shall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt ends orkey-way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the ends of the three-sided sections so for
44、med that each section can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of sections compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials and water andadmixtures, if any, to produ
45、ce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the structures will conform to the designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weightsexcept that for concrete exposed to cyclic freeze/thaw the water-cementitious mat
46、erials ratio shall not exceed 0.45. Cementitiousmaterials shall be as specified in 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 lb/yd3 unless mix designs witha lower cementitious materials content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the three-sided sections meet th
47、erequirements of this specification. Wet cast concrete subject to freeze/thaw cycle shall be air-entrained. Air entrainment amountsshall be in accordance with ACI 31811, Chapter 4, for the appropriate Exposure Class.9.2 CuringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so
48、 that the concrete will develop the requiredcompressive strength by the time of delivery. Any one of the following methods of curing or combinations thereof may be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be low pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 W
49、ater CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.C1504 1639.2.3 Membrane CuringAsealing membrane conforming to the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied and shallbe left intact until the required concrete compressive strength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time of application shallbe within 10F of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of the compounds and shallbe damp when the compound is applied.9.3 FormsThe forms used in
