1、Designation: C1504M 14Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast convention-ally reinforced conc
3、rete three-sided structures intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C1504; therefore, no imperial (metric) equivalents arepresented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is pr
4、imarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. The successful performance of this product dependsupon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, andcare that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. Thepurchaser of the precast reinforced concrete t
5、hree-sided structure specifiedherein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions andthe field requirements with the geometric section specified and provisionsfor inspection at the construction site are required.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
6、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M S
7、pecification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice
8、for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC309 Specification
9、 for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural
10、 Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cem
11、ent Concrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications32.3 ACI Standard:ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-crete and Commentary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms, see TerminologyC822.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit
12、tee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1504M 13a. DOI:10.1520/C15
13、04M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway
14、and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manu-factured in accordance with this specification shall be desig-nated by span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections
16、produced inaccordance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results ofthe concrete compressive strength tests described in Section10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready fora
17、cceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementiti
18、ous Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland poz
19、zolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious
20、 MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,(3) Portland pozzolan cement only,(4) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(5) A combination of portland cement and ground gr
21、anu-lated blast-furnace slag,(6) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag, and fly ash.(7) Acombination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admi
22、xtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallconform to Specification C494/C494M.6.4.1 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will berequired on all products produced with positive slump, wet-cast concrete, and shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C260/C260M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinf
23、orcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement,plain and deformed, for concrete. For circumferentialreinforcement, deformed and plain steel bars for reinforcedconcrete are permitted conforming to Specification A
24、706/A706M or A615/A615M, Grade 420, and longitudinal distri-bution reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforce-ment or deformed billet-steel bars conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M or A615/A615M, Grade 420.NOTE 2This specification does not address reinforcement with pre-stressing strand
25、or any other form of pre-tensioning or post-tensioning.6.6 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-ene fibers may be used, at the manufacturers option, inthree-sided structures as a nonstructural manufacturing mate-rial. Only type III synthetic fibers designed and manufacturedspecific
26、ally for use in concrete and conforming to the require-ments of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.6.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections d
27、imensionsand reinforcement details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Section 3, 5, and 12.14 of the AmericanAssociation of State Highways and Transportation Officials(AASHTO) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The mini-mum concrete compressive strength shall be 35 MPa, and theminimum
28、 steel yield strength shall be 450 MPa for welded-wire reinforcement and 420 MPa for deformed billet-steel bars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe minimum cover ofconcrete over the circumferential reinforcing diameter shall be25 mm for bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcementfor all structures
29、 up to 3.6 m in span and 38 mm for longerspans subject to provisions of Section 11 for both bar rein-forcement and welded wire reinforcement. The clear distanceof the end circumferential wires shall be not less than 13 mmnor more than 50 mm from the ends of each section. Forthree-sided sections cove
30、red by less than 0.6 m of fill,minimum cover for the reinforcement in the top of the top slabshall be 50 mm, subject to the provisions of Section 11.Reinforcement shall be assembled utilizing any combination ofsingle or multiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement, not toexceed three layers or utili
31、zing single or multiple layers ofdeformed billet steel bars, not to exceed two layers. Thewelded-wire reinforcement on 7.3 shall be composed ofcircumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacingrequirements of 7.3 and shall contain sufficient longitudinalwires extending through the three-side
32、d section to maintain theshape and position of reinforcement. Longitudinal distributionreinforcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars and shall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3.The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shallnot be more than 50 mm from t
33、he ends of a three-sided section.The exposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacersused to position the reinforcement shall not be a cause forrejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the
34、overlap measured between the outermostC1504M 142longitudinal wires of each reinforcement sheet or the outermostbars shall not be less than the spacing of the longitudinal wiresplus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. For splices of deformedbillet steel bars, the overlap shall meet the requirements ofAAS
35、HTO. The outside circumferential reinforcement in thetop slab shall be continuous with or be lapped with the outsidecircumferential reinforcement in the sides. If welds are made towelded wire reinforcement circumferential reinforcement, theyshall be made only to selected circumferential wires that a
36、renot less than 450 mm apart along the longitudinal axis of thethree-sided section. When spacers are welded to circumferen-tial wires, they shall be welded only to these selected circum-ferential wires. There shall be no welding to other circumfer-ential wires. No welds shall be made to the insideci
37、rcumferential wires in the middle third of the top span. Nowelds shall be made to the outside circumferential wires in thetop span within one fourth of the span from the corners or inany location in either leg. Welding of deformed billet steel barcircumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all ca
38、ses. Whendistribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wires or barsand only near the ends of the three-sided section. The spacingcenter to center of the circumferential (wires) reinforcementshall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm
39、 for weldedwire reinforcement or less than 50 mm nor more than 200 mmfor deformed billet steel bars. The spacing center to center ofthe longitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 200 mmfor welded wire reinforcement or more than 300 mm fordeformed billet steel bars. If welds are made to Grade
40、420reinforcing bars, weldable bars conforming to SpecificationA706/A706M shall be used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structuresshall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt endsor key-way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the endsof the three-sided sect
41、ions so formed that each section can belaid together to make a continuous line of sections compatiblewith the permissible variations given in Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials and waterand admixture, if any,
42、to produce a thoroughly mixed concreteof such quality that the structures will conform to the designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have awater-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 byweights except that for concrete exposed to cyclic freeze/thawthe water-cementitiou
43、s materials ratio shall not exceed 0.45.Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 and shall beadded to the mix in a proportion not less than 280 kg/m3unlessmix designs with a lower cementitious materials contentdemonstrate that the quality and performance of the three-sidedsections meet th
44、e requirements of this specification. Wet castconcrete subject to freeze/thaw cycle shall be air-entrained. Airentrainment amounts shall be in accordance with ACI 318-11,Chapter 4, for the appropriate Exposure Class.9.2 CuringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for asufficient length of time so
45、that the concrete will develop therequired compressive strength by the time of delivery. Any oneof the following methods of curing or combinations thereofmay be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be lowpressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 Water
46、 CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concre
47、te temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 6C of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of thecompounds and shall be damp when the compound is applied.9.3 FormsThe forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-ciently rigid and accurate to main
48、tain the three-sided sectiondimensions within the permissible variations given in Section11. All casting surfaces shall be smooth nonporous material.9.4 HandlingHandling devices or holes shall be permittedin each three-sided section for the purpose of handling andlaying.10. Physical Requirements10.1
49、 Type of Test SpecimenCompression tests for deter-mining concrete compressive strength shall be made on eitherstandard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders com-pacted and cured in like manner as the three-sided section, oron cores drilled from the three-sided section.10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.2.1 Cylinders shall be obtained and tested for compres-sive strength in accordance with the provisions of PracticeC31/C31M and Test Method C39/C39M, except that thecylinders may be prepared by methods comparable to thoseused to consolidate
