1、Designation: C1515 09Standard Guide forCleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone, Vertical AndHorizontal Surfaces, New or Existing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1515; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes materials and procedures whichmay be used to clean dimension stone exteriors as wel
3、l as theconditions under which they may be used. It is intended to aidowners, maintenance supervisors and building managers, ar-chitects and engineers, and contractors in cleaning verticalexterior dimension stone on commercial, residential and insti-tutional structures. This guide may also be helpfu
4、l to those whowish to clean stone masonry on bridges, retaining walls, ramps,and plazas, and free-standing stone objects such as statuary,memorials and grave markers.1.2 This guide relates primarily, to routine maintenance ofthe surface finish of exterior dimension stone. The techniquesnoted herein
5、may not be appropriate or cost effective withregard to restoration of disfigured, severely soiled or stainedstonework, or of stonework of particular historic importance.In cases where staining occurs on surfaces which have cultural,civic, historic or architectural significance, consultation with asp
6、ecialist is recommended.1.3 The user of this guide should also obtain and have onfile at both the job site and the office Material Safety DataSheets (MSDS) describing the nature of all chemical productsutilized during the cleaning process.1.4 A file of literature from the manufacturers of all prod-u
7、cts involved within the scope of each project should beavailable for reference.1.5 These procedures are not intended for interior stone-work.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot repl
8、ace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be
9、 judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be
10、regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
11、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C119 Terminology Relating to
12、 Dimension StoneC503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this guide are defined in TerminologyC119.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 exterior dimension stonea general term for a stoneinstalled in a location where temperature, moisture and wi
13、nd-carried contaminants are regulated solely or primarily by theforces of nature.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on EnvironmentalProperties, Behavior, and Cleaning.Current edition approved Sept. 15,
14、 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C151501. DOI:10.1520/C1515-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
15、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 qualified contractora person, persons or organiza-tions having expertise in stone cleaning, proved by docu-me
16、nted projects demonstrating successful work, consistency inbusiness or consultancy for a period of five or more years.4. Significance and Use4.1 Exterior dimension stone is chosen for use in contem-porary architecture in part because of its aesthetic appeal.Aesthetics can be significantly diminished
17、 when dirt, grime, flyash, algae and other contaminants collect on the surface ofstone.4.2 This guide is intended to assist those who wish topreserve the original appearance of a new structure or to returna stone-clad building to its original color and appearance.4.2.1 Note that cleaning may not be
18、able to return discoloredor faded stone to its original appearance.4.3 This guide may be used as a construction document.5. General Information5.1 Exterior stone is used in honed, textured, or polishedfinishes in many modes in exterior environments. However,trade experience discourages the use of a
19、polished finishmarble or limestone on exterior applications due to suscepti-bility to damage by acids in rain or snow, and by wind-drivendirt particles.5.2 The use of dark colored marbles and limestones forexteriors is discouraged because fading in direct sunlight hasbeen experienced. Discolored or
20、faded stone may not be able tobe returned to its original color by cleaning.5.3 Only marbles with an “A” Soundness Classificationshould be used for exterior installations. An exception istravertine marble (“C” Soundness Classification) which may beinstalled with its natural voids either filled or un
21、filled. SeeSpecification C503 for soundness classification of marbles.5.4 Stone installed in a mortar bed should be allowed to cureproperly. Do not apply surface treatments to stone set horizon-tally in a mortar bed for at least four weeks followinginstallation.5.5 Carefully identify all wet pedestr
22、ian areas with barri-cades, “danger” signs or bright red or orange-colored “danger”pylons.5.6 Always test any cleaning method on a sample area todetermine its effectiveness. Always refer to the manufacturersinstructions.6. Normal Maintenance6.1 In accessible areas, routinely follow maintenance pro-c
23、edures as specified for Polished Stone, Honed Stone orTextured Finish Stone as applicable. The large expanses ofstone traditionally found on exterior multi-story installationsshould be cleaned as often as necessary to remove accumulatedpollutants.6.1.1 A practice as simple as a hosing down with pota
24、blewater on a regular basis will prevent accumulation of dust andacidic deposits left by rain or snow.6.1.2 The cleaning of stone should be done only by qualifiedcontractors who have the craftsmen, equipment, resources, andtechnical expertise to do the work, as well as make any repair,resetting, or
25、repointing that may be necessary.6.1.3 Generally, the processes used in multi-story cleaningwill be similar to normal procedures, except that pumps forpressure wash, or steam and rinse water may be employed toeconomize on the amount of time necessary to the work.6.1.4 Consult material suppliers and
26、qualified contractors toobtain their recommendations for maintenance, materials orrepairs.6.1.5 Always test any cleaning method on a sample area todetermine its effectiveness. Always refer to the manufacturersinstructions.6.1.6 Always try the least aggressive cleaning media (po-table water) first.6.
27、1.7 Evaluate project conditions with regard to requiredprotection of adjacent properties and public safety. The protec-tion needed for cleaning multi-story structures will differ fromthat needed for one or two-story buildings.7. Polished Dimension Stone7.1 Polished Stone has a glossy surface that re
28、flects lightand emphasizes the color and markings of the material.7.1.1 Normal maintenance involves only periodic washingwith clean, potable water and neutral (pH7) cleaners. “Soap-less” cleaners are preferred because they minimize streakingand filming. Abrasive cleaners should be avoided.7.1.2 Ston
29、e surfaces should first be wetted with clean, hot(not boiling) water. Then, using the cleaner solution (followingmanufacturers directions) wash in small, overlapping sweepsfrom top down, or follow manufacturers directions if different.Rinse thoroughly with clean, potable water to remove all tracesof
30、 soap or cleaner solution. If rinsing is done by hand, changethe water in the rinse pail frequently. Dry with a soft cloth,cotton flannel or chamois, wiping carefully to avoid streaks.The surface may also be allowed to air-dry.7.1.2.1 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marb
31、le or limestone because colors may belightened and the surface etched.7.1.2.2 Select a cleaning agent which suits the nature of thestone.8. Honed Dimension Stone, Normal Maintenance8.1 A honed finish is a satin smooth surface with relativelylittle light reflection.8.1.1 Normal maintenance of a honed
32、 finish involves as-needed washing with clean, potable water and neutral (pH7),mildly abrasive cleaners.8.1.2 Surfaces should be first wetted with hot, clean water.Then, using a mildly abrasive, alkaline cleaner and a mediumnatural bristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strokes.Work from top d
33、own or follow manufacturers directions ifdifferent.8.1.3 Rinse thoroughly then wipe dry with cotton, cottonflannel, or a chamois. Wipe carefully to avoid streaking.Optionally, the stone may be allowed to air-dry.8.1.4 If further cleaning is needed, make a paste to theconsistency of thick syrup by co
34、mbining a mildly abrasivealkaline cleaning powder and clean, potable water. Apply thepaste uniformly over the surface with a broad brush and allowto stand until dry. Then, use a medium bristle brush withadditional water and scrub vigorously. (More cleaning powderC1515 092may be applied at this point
35、.) Rinse thoroughly and dry asdescribed above. Follow manufacturers directions.8.1.4.1 See 10.1 and 10.2 for poultice information.8.1.5 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marble or limestone because colors may belightened and the surface etched.8.1.5.1 Select a cleaning age
36、nt which suits the nature of thestone.9. Textured Finish Dimension Stone, Normal Mantenance9.1 Examples of textured finish dimension stone includeThermal Finish Granite, Thermal Finish Limestone, UnfilledTravertine, Rock Face, Split Face, Natural Cleft Slate andNatural Cleft Quartz-Based (Sandstone)
37、 Stone.Abrasive, bush-hammered, and sand-blasted finishes are also included in thiscategory.9.1.1 Regular maintenance becomes difficult if dirt is al-lowed to accumulate on the uneven surfaces of these stones. Ifconvenient, textured finished stone may be vacuumed clean.9.1.2 Normal maintenance of te
38、xtured finish stones involvesas-needed washing with clean, potable water and neutral(pH7), mildly abrasive cleaners.9.1.3 Surfaces should first be wetted with hot, (not boiling)clean water. Then, using a mildly abrasive, alkaline cleaner anda medium bristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strok
39、es.Work from top to bottom. Rinse thoroughly with clean water.9.1.4 WarningDo not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marble or limestone because colors may belightened and the surface etched.9.1.4.1 Select a cleaning agent that suits the nature of thestone.10. The Poultice Method10.1 The
40、 General Poultice Method is a special cleaningprocedure for removal of deep-seated, time-set dirt and grime.The poultice may be applied to honed or textured stone, and isparticularly useful on intricate carvings, moldings and otherdetailing difficult to scrub. The general poultice is essentially ast
41、rong cleaner, applied by way of a holding medium, thatconcentrates its effort over a period of time.10.1.1 A poultice applied to polished finish marble will dullthe surface, requiring repolishing.10.1.2 The poultice is used primarily to attack and reduceheavy deposits of normal soiling, or to remove
42、 stains resultingfrom the action of moisture on normal soiling.10.1.3 For stains resulting from a known origin, see Section11.10.2 Preparation and Application of a Poultice:10.2.1 Mix kaolin or Fullers earth with either a commonlaundry bleach or a commercial hair-bleaching solution ofhydrogen peroxi
43、de (H2O2) to form a paste the consistency ofpeanut butter or cake icing. (For estimating purposes, figure aconsumption rate of one pound of paste per square foot ofsurface.)10.2.2 Moisten the surface of the stone with the same liquidused to make the paste, wetting beyond the extent of thestained are
44、as.10.2.3 Apply the poultice paste to the stone with a woodenor plastic spatula, insuring a uniform coat about14-in. 0.635cm thick. Cover the entire area to be cleaned and somewhatbeyond to prevent the soil from being forced into the cleanstone. Insure the poultice is in full contact with the stone
45、withno entrapped air pockets or voids.10.2.4 Tape plastic sheeting over the poulticed area toprevent quick drying-out and to allow it to act for 48 h.10.2.5 After this standing period, dampen the poultice withclean, cool water to prevent undue dust generation. Remove thepoultice with a wood or plast
46、ic spatula to avoid scratching.Rinse the cleaned area thoroughly with clean water; blot orwipe off excess water; allow it to dry.10.2.6 When water-spotting has disappeared after completedrying, inspect for remaining soil. A second poultice applica-tion may be necessary.10.2.7 WarningDo not use a pou
47、ltice containing addi-tives (such as bleach or solvent) other than water on darkcolored stone.10.2.8 Commercial “Marble Poultice” base powders areavailable. Read the manufacturers directions before applica-tion.11. General Stain Removal11.1 A regular normal care and maintenance programshould help pr
48、event staining. But should accident or neglectcontribute to the problem, remedial measures will be com-pletely different from general cleaning and will usually requirepersistence to achieve the desired results.11.2 When the source of the stain is not known, the9Poultice Method9 should be tried first
49、. If this remedy is noteffective, follow specific remedies as explained below, attempt-ing each in turn until results are achieved. Please note theWarning (10.2.7) against the application of poultice contain-ing additives other than water on dark colored stone.11.3 Stains in stone will generally be caused by one of threemajor category sources: organic materials, metallic materials,or oils and greases.11.4 As a general rule, as with maintenance begin withsimple methods for stain removal and progress to moreaggressive treatments as necessary.12. Removal of Organic Sta
