1、Designation: C1528 09aStandard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building materials to
3、properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to perform.This
4、guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and anyother av
5、ailable resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the physicalproperti
6、es of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexurals
7、trength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing sto
8、nes in unsuitable environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis,
9、 inappropriate strength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the s
10、election of the proper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-neers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who de-s
11、ign, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supplynatural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consen-sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.2.
12、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (BreakingLoad, Modulus of Rupture, Modul
13、us of Elasticity)1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection ofExterior Dimension Stone.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous ed
14、ition approved in 2009 as C152809. DOI:10.1520/C1528-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Cop
15、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion Resist
16、ance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot TrafficC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor ConcreteC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC880
17、Test Method for Flexural Strength of DimensionStoneC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of HardenedConcreteC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceC1242 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation ofDime
18、nsion Stone Anchoring SystemsC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ofDimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of DimensionStone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform,Double-Head AbraserC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone An-chorages in Dimens
19、ion StoneC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneD2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, andspecifications should be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this gu
20、ide.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 Related ComponentsNatural stone is only one com-ponent of a buildings construction. All related materials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interac-
21、tive behavior with the stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall com-ply with applicable building codes.EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONSTONES5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired fortheir beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each pieceof
22、stone has features and physical characteristics that make itunique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as itsability to age gracefully in the exterior environment, has madestone one of the most popular materials for construction,sculpture, and monuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess c
23、ertain properties making itsuitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineralcontent and structure), compressive strength, flexural strength,resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to beworked, vary widely by stone type. These are all key charac-teristics that dictate t
24、he best use of the material and must beconsidered during the process of stone selection.6. Exterior Applications6.1 This guide is limited to the discussion of exteriorapplications of stone. Of these, there are several major catego-ries, which are introduced briefly as follows:7. Load-Bearing Masonry
25、7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form ofstone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring ofstructural load vertically by relying on the compressivestrength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads.Due to the weight of the stone itself, structures built in this
26、manner tend to be of limited height. As the height of thestructure increases, the wall thickness at the structures basemust increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or mul-tiple wythes of stone. The costs of such walls are typicallyhigher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone
27、 andlabor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed.Cladding systems can offer the appearance of load-bearingmasonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systemsalso offer a wide variety of applications, al
28、lowing greaterarchitectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to uniqueloading characteristics that can require complex structuralanalysis and detailing in order to be used successfully. Mate-rials other than stone are also often integrated into claddingsystems, requiring
29、consideration of their material properties aswell as compatibility with the stone components.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architectureto accent other building materials, or to perform a specificpurpose. Stone is often integrated into wall systems as deco-rative belt
30、 courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or watertables. Stone can add an element of interest to buildings, inaddition to performing as a durable wall component with aspecific and well-defined purpose.10. Pavements10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern plazas, stone isused to carry vehicle and pede
31、strian traffic. Modern systemsinclude those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand orcement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with
32、 appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.C1528 09a211. Steps11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both
33、of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as“cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece ofstone, and also “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thinstone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to formthe tread and riser surfaces.12. Coping1
34、2.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment,such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetra-tion. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protectthe underlying wall system from excessive moistur
35、e penetra-tion and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent tothe wall system, improving the appearance of the wall systemby defining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed,therefore, protection of the wall system i
36、s also reliant on propertreatment of the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typicallylimited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried andfabricated into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonpo-rous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof systemt
37、hat effectively utilizes the unique physical characteristics ofthe material.14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics thatmake them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Moststone varieties can be worked by hand or power tools in
38、tounique shapes and representations, including engravings andreliefs. Properly selected stones can demonstrate resistance toenvironmental effects, thereby providing a sense of perma-nence to monuments and decorative sculpted items.COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPES15. General15.1 By strict geological defi
39、nitions, hundreds of rock typesare used as dimension stones. The commercial definitions ofthese rock types are much broader, allowing materials withsimilar performance and behavioral characteristics to begrouped together. Therefore, stones of different scientificgeological definitions will be includ
40、ed in the samecommercially-defined group. Using these broad commercialdefinitions, most materials used as dimension stone will fallunder one of seven classifications: Granite, Marble, Limestone,Quartz-Based, Slate, Serpentine, or Travertine.15.2 The finish applied to a stone may have more bearing on
41、its suitability for use than the type of stone. While polished orhoned surfaces are often used for cladding materials, thesefinishes are not recommended for walking surfaces becausethey do not demonstrate the frictional properties necessary forsafe pedestrian ambulation. Refer to Section 36 for more
42、detailed discussions of finish types.15.3 Most dimension stones are known by an industry tradename. In many cases, a particular stone will be given differenttrade names by different fabricators or brokers. Therefore, thetrade name alone my not be adequate to identify the selectedmaterial. Including
43、the origin (quarry location) and quarryowner in the specification will help minimize confusion inmaterial identification.15.4 For major projects, sufficient inventory of block mate-rial is rarely available at any one fabricators facility. Supply ofraw block material from the quarry to the fabricator
44、 willusually occur concurrently with fabrication throughout theduration of the project. The production capacity of the quarry,in addition to any transportation difficulties must be carefullyevaluated to ensure uninterrupted delivery of material through-out the projects construction.15.5 Quarries of
45、all dimension stone types will have uniquecapabilities and limitations. Natural fissures and fracture planesin the quarry will limit available piece size and yield. Thesupplier of the material must be consulted during the designphase of the project to ensure that the project requirements canbe satis
46、fied by the specified material. Specific grades (forexample, select, monumental, structural, architectural, quarry-run, clear, variegated) may be identified in the material tofurther define the color range or clarity of the stock quality.15.6 Fabricators of natural stone products use a variety ofmac
47、hinery from worldwide sources. The stone products them-selves exhibit vastly different strength and workability proper-ties, as well as widely varying availability of raw stock sizesand qualities. As a result of these variables in product andmachinery, there is less standardization of stone producto
48、fferings and sizes than are typically found in the supply ofother construction components. The thicknesses of the stoneslabs will generally adhere to standard offerings, and detailingmaterials to correspond with recognized industry standard slabthicknesses will benefit the project in both economy an
49、ddelivery. Table 1 lists common slab thickness found in thedimension stone industry, with a brief description of theapplications in which they are typically employed.SPECIFIC DIMENSION STONE TYPES16. Granite16.1 Commercially, “granite” includes any visibly granular,igneous rock consisting mostly of feldspars and quartz, andaccompanied by one or mare dark minerals. Typically, feldsparis the most abundant mineral found in granites and, because ofthis, the color of the granite is largely governed by the color ofthis mineral. The color can be modified by quartz, hornblende,mica,
