1、Designation: C 1533 02Standard Guide forGeneral Design Considerations for Hot Cell Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1533; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide general designand operating considerations for the safe and dependableoperation of
3、remotely operated hot cell equipment. Hot cellequipment is hardware used to handle, process, or analyzenuclear or radioactive material in a shielded room. Theequipment is placed behind radiation shield walls and cannotbe directly accessed by the operators or by maintenancepersonnel because of the ra
4、diation exposure hazards. There-fore, the equipment is operated remotely, either with or withoutthe aid of viewing.1.1.2 This guide may apply to equipment in other radioac-tive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repairareas, canyons or caves, but does not apply to equipment usedin com
5、mercial power reactors.1.1.3 This guide does not apply to equipment used ingloveboxes.1.2 Caveats:1.2.1 This guide does not address considerations relating tothe design, construction, operation, or safety of hot cells, caves,canyons, or other similar remote facilities. This guide dealsonly with equi
6、pment intended for use in hot cells.1.2.2 Specific design and operating considerations are foundin other ASTM documents.1.2.3 The system of units employed in this guide shall be theinch-pound unit, also known as U.S. Customary Units. Theseunits are commonly used in the United States of America andde
7、fined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology,including certain other units accepted for use with these terms.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
8、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials2D 5144 Guide for Use of Protective Coating Standards inNuclear Power Plants32.2 Other Standards:10CF
9、R830.120 Nuclear Safety Management Quality As-surance Requirements4ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements forNuclear Facility Applications5ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems63. Terminology3.1 The terminology employed in this guide conforms toindustry practice insofar as practicable.3.2 For defin
10、itions of terms not described in this guide, referto Terminology C 859.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 canyona long narrow, remotely operated and main-tained radiological area within a facility. Work within a canyonis generally accomplished with overhead cranes with the aid
11、ofremote viewing capability.3.3.2 cavetypically a small-scale hot cell facility, but issometimes used synonymously with hot cells.3.3.3 electro-mechanical manipulator (E/M)usuallymounted on a crane bridge, wall, pedestal, or ceiling and isused to handle heavy equipment in a hot cell. The E/M isopera
12、ted remotely using controls from the uncontaminated sideof the hot cell. Most E/Ms have lifting capacities of 100 lbs. ormore.3.3.4 hot cellan isolated shielded room that provides acontrolled environment for containing highly radioactive andcontaminated material and equipment. The radiation levelswi
13、thin a hot cell are typically several hundred roentgens perhour or higher.3.3.5 master-slave manipulatora device used to handleradioactively contaminated items or nuclear material in a hotcell. The uncontaminated portion of the manipulator is calledthe master and the contaminated portion is called t
14、he slave. Theslave replicates the motion of the master.3.3.6 mockupan area designated for the testing of hot cellequipment or the process of qualifying said equipment prior tosending it into the hot cell for operation. A mockup is usually1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on
15、 Nuclear FuelCycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.4Available from Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government P
16、rinting Office,Washington, DC 204025Available from ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.6Available from ANSI, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th Floor, New york, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.equipped with master-
17、slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators and cranes to simulate the hot celldimensional envelope and operations.3.3.7 radiation absorbed dose (RAD)also called totalaccumulated dose, is a measure of the amount of energydeposited by ionizing radiation in any material.3.3.8 roentgen equiv
18、alent man (REM)a measure of thedamaging effects of ionizing radiation to man. A millirem isone one-thousandth of a REM.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide general guide-lines for the design and operation of hot cell equipment toensure longevity and reliability througho
19、ut the period ofservice.4.2 It is intended that this guide record the general condi-tions and practices that experience has shown is necessary tominimize equipment failures and maximize the effectivenessand utility of hot cell equipment. It is also intended to alertdesigners to those features that a
20、re highly desirable for theselection of equipment that has proven reliable in high radia-tion environments.4.3 This guide is intended as a supplement to other stan-dards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteriaapplicable to the design of equipment intended for hot cell use.4.4 This
21、 guide is intended to be generic and to apply to awide range of types and configurations of hot cell equipment.5. Quality Assurance Requirements5.1 The fabricator and owner-operator of hot cell equipmentshould have a quality assurance program. Hot cell equipmentshould be designed according to string
22、ent quality assurancerequirements and undergo quality control inspections as out-lined by the agency of jurisdiction. QA programs may berequired to comply with 10CFR830.120, ASME NQA-1, orISO 9001.6. Nuclear Safety6.1 The handling and processing of special nuclear materi-als requires the avoidance o
23、f criticality incidents. Equipmentintended for use in handling materials having a special nuclearmaterial content should undergo a criticality assessment analy-sis in accordance with the requirements of ANS 8.1 and othersuch standards and regulations as may be applicable.7. Design Considerations7.1
24、Hot cell equipment should be designed and fabricated toremain dimensionally stable throughout its life cycle.7.2 Fabrication materials should be resistant to radiationdamage, or materials subject to such damage should beshielded or placed and attached so as to be readily replaceable.7.3 Special cons
25、ideration should be given to designing hotcell equipment that may be exposed to or may create hightemperatures, high rate of temperature changes, caustic condi-tions, or pressure changes. Abrupt changes in the hot celltemperature or pressure may cause the hot cell windows tocrack and potentially los
26、e containment. The effect of handlingand operating high temperature hot cell equipment on themaster-slave manipulators or other in-cell handling equipmentshould be considered to preclude damage to those items.7.4 Preventive maintenance based on previous experience insimilar environments and similar
27、duty should be performed asrequired to prevent unscheduled repair of failed components.7.5 Hot cell equipment may be required to be leak tightwhen handling liquids. Leak tightness prevents radioactiveliquid from entering the interior of hot cell equipment where itcan cause corrosion, shorting of ele
28、ctrical components, higherchronic radiation to components and complicates decontami-nation.7.6 Hot cell equipment should generally be designed tofunction indefinitely within the highly radioactive environ-ment. However, in many cases this may not be possible sinceradiation degrades some materials ov
29、er time. Alpha, beta,gamma, and neutron radiation can severely damage mostorganic materials, e.g., oils, plastics, and elastomers. Commer-cially available equipment containing organic materials mayrequire disassembly and the internal components replaced withmore radiation resistant materials. If sui
30、table alternate materi-als cannot be used, special shielding may have to be integratedinto the design to protect the degradable components. In thecase of some electronic equipment, it may be possible toseparate and move the more radiation sensitive componentsoutside of the hot cell and operate the e
31、quipment in the hot cellremotely. Where possible and appropriate, equipment shouldbe designed to withstand an accumulative radiation dose ofapproximately 1 3 108RADs (H2O)60Co.7.7 Since hot cells have a limited amount of space, theequipment designs should be standardized where possible toreduce the
32、number of one-of-a-kind parts. Standardization ofhot cell equipment will reduce design time, fabrication costs,operator training time, maintenance costs, and the number ofspecial tools required to perform a certain operation. Standard-ization in design, drawing control and excellent quality controla
33、ssure that components are interchangeable. Specially de-signed equipment should be standardized for use with equip-ment in similar applications or systems to reduce spare partsinventories and to maintain familiarity for the operators.Commercially available components should be used, andmodified if n
34、ecessary, wherever possible in preference tospecially designed equipment.7.8 All hot cell equipment should be designed in modulesfor ease of replacement, maintainability, interchangeability,and ease of disposal. The modules should be designed to beremotely removable and installed using the in-cell h
35、andlingequipment, that is, master-slave manipulators, cranes, etc.Consideration should also be given to the transfer path to getequipment into the hot cell and size equipment modulesaccordingly. Components with a higher probability of failureshould be made modular for ease of replacement. Remotelyop
36、erated electrical connectors must be compatible with the hotcell materials handling equipment. Drawings of hot cell equip-ment should reflect the as-built configuration for all replaceablecomponents to provide reliable documentation control. Inter-facing components should be toleranced to fit the in
37、-fieldconditions. Replaceable components should be labeled with astandard identification and the component weight. Examples ofmodular designs might include subassemblies of removablemotors, resolvers, valves, limit switches, and electrical cables.C15330227.9 The hot cell atmosphere can have an adver
38、se affect onhot cell equipment. Hot cells can have air or inert gasatmospheres and are usually kept at a negative differentialpressure of 1.0 to 2.0 in. of water gauge with respect to thesurrounding operating areas. Hot cells with inert atmospheresor very low moisture content can make it difficult t
39、o operatesome types of equipment. Some brush type motors, forexample, will stall or simply fail to operate. One solution hasbeen to replace the motor brushes with high altitude typebrushes made of silver-graphite or use brushless motors. Agood understanding of the effects of the hot cell atmosphere
40、onequipment is essential when purchasing or designing new hotcell equipment.7.10 It is generally advisable to perform qualification testingon new hot cell equipment in a mockup facility prior to puttingthe equipment into service. The mockup generally uses thesame equipment interfaces such as cranes,
41、 electro-mechanicalmanipulators, and master-slave manipulators as the hot cell.The mockup is generally located in a non-radioactive andnon-contaminated area. Any new equipment to be used in a hotcell should be assembled, disassembled, and operated in themockup to verify that it can be installed, rem
42、oved, maintained,and operated successfully in the hot cell environment. Themockup area is also useful for training purposes and trouble-shooting. Oftentimes the mockup testing will identify deficien-cies in the equipment design or operation that without mockuptesting would render the equipment usele
43、ss in the hot cell. Careshould be taken during the mockup testing and hardwareinstallation to ensure that the operability and integrity of theequipment is not compromised.7.11 Design considerations should include the limited capa-bilities of the overhead handling systems, the inability to havedirect
44、 access to the equipment, and the limited viewingcapabilities. Limitations include the top-only access for com-ponent replacement and the fact that operators will only be ableto directly view one or two faces of the system. Equipmentdesigns should provide for unobstructed viewing (directly orindirec
45、tly using cameras) of remotely separable interfaces sothat any tools or equipment needed to perform the in-cellmaintenance functions can be engaged, disengaged, or posi-tioned in full view. The equipment modules should be designedso that they can be reached, disconnected, and maneuveredusing the in-
46、cell materials handling equipment.7.12 Hot cell equipment should be designed with assemblyfeatures to assure accurate positioning, aligning, mating, andfastening of components. Examples include alignment pins,captured bolts, countersink or tapered guides, and threadlead-ins. Close attention to fabri
47、cation tolerances is essential toensure that replaceable parts are interchangeable. Refer toother standards referenced in 2.2.7.13 The method of hot cell equipment repair should beconsidered during the design phase. Typically, it is difficult toperform repairs of failed hot cell components. The pref
48、erredpractice is to disassemble and replace failed components ratherthan attempting to repair the failed part. Equipment that cannotbe repaired or replaced using the in-cell handling systems isgenerally transferred to a suited entry repair area wherepersonnel in anti-contamination clothing perform h
49、ands-onrepairs. Equipment that will be repaired in a suited entry repairarea should be capable of being decontaminated to levelssuitable for contact maintenance.7.14 Hot cell designed equipment should include designfeatures to minimize the amount of decontamination requiredfor repair or disposal. Since the method of decontaminationmay involve rigorous chemical cleaning and decontaminationprocedures, the choice of component materials should becompatible with the decontamination techniques and solutions.For example, some decontamination solutions may not becompatible with aluminum
