1、Designation: C1543 09Standard Test Method forDetermining the Penetration of Chloride Ion into Concreteby Ponding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1543; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chlorideion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. Thism
3、ethod is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as toconcretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetratingsealers, or thin-bonded overlays.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does n
4、ot purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
5、ds:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC672/C672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing ChemicalsC1152/C1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride inMor
6、tar and ConcreteC1202 Test Method for Electrical Indication of ConcretesAbility to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration2.2 AASHTO Standard:T 259 Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chlo-ride Ion Penetration3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this standard are defined in TerminologyC125.4. Summary of
7、 Test Method4.1 A sodium-chloride solution is ponded on the surface ofconcrete specimens. Samples from specified depths are peri-odically extracted and chemically analyzed to determine thechloride content of the concrete at those depths. The curing andmoisture conditioning to which a specimen is sub
8、jected prior toponding affects the mechanisms involved in chloride-ionpenetration. These factors must be considered carefully ininterpreting the results. Information on the mechanisms ofchloride penetration into concrete is given in the appendix.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is suitabl
9、e for evaluation of materialsand material proportions for construction purposes as well asfor research and development.5.2 This test method can be used to establish the correlationbetween indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration ofconcrete (see Test Method C1202) and the actual chloride-ion
10、penetration under controlled conditions.5.3 This test method is not intended to provide a measure ofthe length of service that may be expected from use of aspecific concrete mixture or sealing material.6. Apparatus6.1 Glass Plates or Polyethylene Sheets, of sufficient size tocover the ponded surface
11、 of the specimen.6.2 Molds, of the proper size for the test specimens to beused, and conforming to the applicable requirements of Prac-tice C192/C192M.7. Reagents7.1 Ponding Solution3 % reagent grade sodium chloride(NaCl) by mass in distilled water (see Note 1).NOTE 1Other chloride-bearing solutions
12、 or different sodium-chlorideconcentrations may be used when there is a need to evaluate their specificeffects. The concentration of the solution can be checked using ahydrometer calibrated to indicate the mass fraction of sodium chloride.8. Specimens8.1 Use as ponding specimens in this test method
13、slabshaving a surface area of at least 0.030 m2and a thickness of 906 15 mm. At least two replicate specimens shall be made foreach combination of variables to be tested.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of SubcommitteeC09.66 on Concretes Resistance to Fluid Penetration.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C154302. DOI:10.1520/C1543-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
15、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
16、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8.2 Fabricate and cure molded ponding specimens in accor-dance with applicable sections of Test Method C672/C672M,unless otherwise specified.8.3 Obtain a sample of concrete for use in determining thebackground chloride content. Cast a 100 by 20
17、0-mm cylinderfrom the concrete mixture for this purpose when fabricatingponding specimens.8.4 Provide a dike approximately 20 mm high along theperimeter of the top surface of the specimen to retain theponding solution. The dike shall be made of a material thatadheres to the specimen or be integrally
18、 cast as a part of thespecimen. It shall serve to keep the top of the specimencovered completely by ponding solution throughout the periodof the ponding (see Note 2).NOTE 2Closed-cell polystyrene foam 12 to 25 mm thick and acrylicstrips 6 mm thick, bonded to the specimen with an adhesive caulkingcom
19、pound or silicone sealant, have been used successfully.8.5 Coat the sides of the specimens with a suitable material(see Note 3) to prevent lateral moisture migration. Do not coatthe bottom of the specimen. Allow the coating to cureaccording to the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 3Arapid setting epox
20、y sufficiently viscous to adhere to verticalsurfaces without excessive running has been used successfully for thispurpose.9. Procedure9.1 Following completion of curing, cover the surface of thespecimen with the ponding solution to a depth of 15 6 5 mm.9.2 Place a glass plate or polyethylene sheet o
21、ver theponded specimen to retard evaporation of water from thesolution.9.3 Store the ponded specimens at 23.0 6 2C and 50 65 % relative humidity. Provide for air circulation across thebottom of specimens.9.4 Periodically monitor the depth of solution on the surfaceof the specimen and maintain at the
22、 specified depth by addingadditional fresh solution. At 2-month intervals during theponding, remove the solution and replace with fresh solution.9.5 Select the duration of the ponding period and thesampling intervals to be appropriate for the purposes for whichthe tests are being made (see Note 4).N
23、OTE 4It is recommended that the initial sampling be performed after3 months ponding. Subsequent sampling can be performed after 6 and 12months of ponding and at 12-month intervals thereafter.9.6 Sampling:9.6.1 Prior to sampling, remove the ponded solution andallow the specimen surface to dry. After
24、drying is completed,remove the salt crystals from the surface by brushing with awire brush.9.6.2 Sample the specimen by coring. The diameter of thecore shall be at least three times the nominal maximumaggregate size.9.6.3 Alternatively, obtain powdered sample by rotary-impact hammer as described in
25、Test Method C1152/C1152M.9.6.4 Space the sampling point at least 25 mm away fromthe inside edge of the dike or the edge of any previoussampling point. Samples shall be obtained from at least thefollowing depths to provide a profile of the chloride penetra-tion:Sampling Intervals, mm10202535405055659
26、.6.5 If the purposes of the test require a precise profiling ofthe chloride penetration, the sampling shall be accomplishedby removing a core from the specimen. The core shall beprofiled by precision milling to obtain powdered concrete fromhorizons of the desired depth and thickness (see Note 5).NOT
27、E 5Chloride penetration profiling on 1-mm thick horizons hasbeen accomplished using this technique. An equation can then be fitted tothe profile to calculate an effective diffusion coefficient using FicksSecond Law.3If a diffusion coefficient is to be calculated, at least 6 testpoints should be obta
28、ined.9.6.6 If the specimen is to be re-ponded after sampling,patch the hole with a suitable low-permeability repair material(see Note 6). The location of the sampling point shall be clearlyidentifiable so it can be avoided during subsequent sampling.NOTE 6Epoxy mortar has been used successfully for
29、this purpose.9.7 Determine the chloride content of the sample from eachdepth of the ponded specimens and the background sample inaccordance with Test Method C1152/C1152M. The back-ground chloride content is subtracted from the value obtainedfor each depth of the ponded specimen to determine thepenet
30、rated chloride value.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Type and source of hydraulic cements,10.1.2 Type and source of other cementitious materials,10.1.3 Type and source of coarse and fine aggregates,10.1.4 Type and source of chemical admixtures,10.1.5 Concrete mixture proportio
31、ns,10.1.6 Type and manufacturer of any treatment system used,10.1.7 Curing conditions and duration and other specialspecimen preparation procedures that were performed,10.1.8 The moisture conditioning the specimen was sub-jected to prior to ponding,10.1.9 The type and concentration of the ponding so
32、lution,if different from that specified in 7.1,10.1.10 The chloride content of the specimen as a functionof depth and the duration of ponding for each sample tested,and10.1.11 The background chloride content of the concrete.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has no
33、tbeen determined, but the subcommittee is planning to deter-mine the precision in the future.3Hearn, N., Hooton, R. D., and Mills, R. H., “Pore Structure and Permeability,”STP 169C, Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete MakingMaterials, P. Klieger and J. F. Lamond, Eds., Amer
34、ican Society for Testing andMaterials, Philadelphia, PA, 1994, pp. 240262.C1543 09211.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedures in this test method because no material havingan accepted reference value is available.12. Keywords12.1 chloride; chloride content; concrete; penet
35、ration;permeabilityAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MASS TRANSFER IN CONCRETEX1.1 This test measures the chloride-ion content at selecteddepths within a concrete specimen on which a sodium-chloridesolution has been maintained over an extended period of time.Differences in the chloride-ion conte
36、nt with depth and overtime indicate the movement of chloride ions from the solutionponded on the concrete surface into the specimen being tested.Several different mechanisms are involved to greater or lesserdegrees in this transport, depending on the pore structure,moisture condition, and surface tr
37、eatment of the specimen.X1.1.1 Permeability is the characteristic that describes theease with which a fluid moves through concrete.4The primarycontrolling parameter in concrete permeability is the poresystem of the paste fraction of the concrete, including thepaste-aggregate interface.3The connectiv
38、ity of the pore systemdepends on the amount of original mixing-water-filled spaceand the degree to which it has been filled with hydrationproducts. Capillary pores are those voids remaining that wereoriginally filled with mixing water; that is, pores with diam-eters in the range of 3.2 to 3,000 nm.5
39、These capillary poreswill cease to be connected at different times in the age of theconcrete as a function of w/c and curing conditions.6If storedmoist, these times are approximately:w/c 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7Time 3 d 14 d 6 m 1 y neverX1.1.2 Concretes containing a pozzolan or ground granu-lated blast-
40、furnace slag show a continued decrease of pore sizeand continuity over a longer period of time than do portland-cement concretes not containing pozzzolans or slag.X1.1.3 Fluid movement in the capillary-pore system de-pends on the moisture condition of the pore system. When theconcrete is at or near
41、saturation, movement is due to laminarflow. The rate of flow depends on the pressure head causing theflow (in this case, gravity) and the tortuosity of the intercon-nected pore space. As the partial vapor pressure (relativehumidity) falls below 1 to a value of about 0.45, vapordiffusion and capillar
42、y tension (absorption and wicking) domi-nate moisture movement. At partial vapor pressures below0.45, movement is controlled by adsorption and surface diffu-sion.3X1.1.4 In conditions of incomplete saturation where part ofthe capillary system is exposed to the atmosphere and the otherto water, capil
43、lary tension is most important in the movementof water from the saturated zone into the unsaturated zone. Inthis test method, capillary tension plays an important role ininitial chloride penetration if the specimen is subjected todrying prior to ponding. However, even if the specimen issaturated whe
44、n subjected to ponding, exposure of the non-ponded bottom surface to the atmosphere will result in drying.As a consequence, moisture from the interior will be drawn bycapillary tension toward the bottom surface, increasing theflow from the sodium-chloride solution pond.X1.1.5 Ionic diffusion is the
45、movement of ions through asolution. In this test method, the driving mechanism forchloride-ion diffusion is the concentration gradient between thesodium-chloride solution pond and the interior of the concrete.Most concrete structures have sufficient moisture in the poresystem to allow for the diffus
46、ion of dissolved ions even thoughthe internal relative humidity is less than 100 %.4Young, J. F., “A Review of the Pore Structure of Cement Paste and Concreteand its Influence on Permeability,” SP-108, Proceedings, Permeability ofConcrete, D. Whiting, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1
47、988, pp.118.5Philleo, R. E., “Freezing and Thawing Resistance of High-Strength Concrete,”NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 129 , Transportation Research Board,1986, p. 31.6Powers, T. C., Copeland, L. E., and Mann, H. M., “Capillary Continuity orDiscontinuity in Cement Paste,” Journal of the PCA Research And DevelopmentLab, Vol 1, No. 2, 1959, pp. 38-48 (Reprinted as PCA R or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1543 094
