1、Designation: C 1568 08Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles(Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.NoteSections 11.3, 11.4, 12.3, 12.4, 13.7, and 13.8 were corrected and the year date changed on May 13, 2008.
3、1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine themechanical uplift resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles,which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable rooftile system as applied to a roof.1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachmentsystems, adhesive-set at
4、tachment systems, and mortar-set at-tachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, thatare used to apply tile to a roof.1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are given forreference only.1.4 This standard does not purport to a
5、ddress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Termino
6、logy of Structural Clay ProductsC 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC 1167 Specification for Clay Roof TilesC 1492 Specification for Concrete Roof Tile2.2 SBCCI Standard:SBCCI SSDT
7、11 SBCCI Test Standard for DeterminingWind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof TilesNOTE 1This standard is based on the International Code CouncilsICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance ofConcrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industrystesting programs c
8、ompleted in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.2.3 ASCE Standard:ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology C43, and Specifications C 1167and C 1492.4. Significance and Use4.1 The meth
9、od of attachment of roof tiles to the roof deck,or support structure, is one factor in the resistance of concreteand clay roof tiles to the action of wind. Several systems ofattachment, and even combinations of systems, are used in theapplication of tile to a roof. The mechanical uplift resistance o
10、fthe tile, when applied to the roof by any attachment systemapproved by, and in accordance with, the manufacturersinstructions, is a primary factor in the tiles resistance to theaction of wind. This test method determines the mechanicaluplift resistance that is related to resistance to the uplift fo
11、rcesacting as a result of wind. Natural wind conditions differ withrespect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditionsare beyond the means of this test method to simulate.5. Apparatus5.1 A test apparatus shown in Fig. 1 shall be used to test themechanical uplift resistance of roof tiles
12、. The triangulatedframework and loading bar shall be constructed of tubular steelof sufficient strength to remain rigid when loads of up to 500lbf are applied to the test tile. The frame shall be fixed to thefloor to prevent movement of the frame and to provide a solidreference plane for deflection
13、measurements. The joints of theframe shall be rigid, however, the loading bar rotates about theframe to facilitate the loading of the test tile. The other end ofthe loading bar is attached to a hydraulic jack, or similarlycontrollable mechanical device, which allows the load to beapplied gradually a
14、nd to be maintained at any desired loadwhile deflections are being measured The load is applied to thetile through a load transfer device (steel bolt with chain1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
15、teeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved May 13, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 1568 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
16、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.linkage) and is measured by a load cell capable of operating atup to 500 lbf. The
17、 roof framing used for the specimens shall beeither fixed to the floor, anchored to the triangulated frame-work, or weighted to prevent the roof framing from being liftedduring the test. Deflections are measured by dial gages firmlyfixed to a reference plane so that as the tile is loaded and the til
18、eor test frame distorts, the reference position remains static. Adial gage plunger is placed on top of the tile nose in a centralposition to measure the mechanical uplift of the tile.Additionaldial gages are required depending on the method of tileattachment: (a) in mechanically fastened systems, a
19、dial gageat the fastener in the bead of the tile to measure withdrawal ofthe fastener; (b) when a clip is used, a dial gage at the clip tomeasure deflection and permanent set of the clip; and (c) whena barrel tile is used, a dial gage at the roll of the tile to measurethe deflection of the roll due
20、to the rotation of this type of tile.6. Procedure6.1 Drill the test tile and install the steel-bolt load-transferdevice into to the tile as follows:6.1.1 Drill a hole along the centerline of the exposed widthof the tile at 0.76 times the tile length from the head of the tileusing a14 in. (6 mm) non-
21、percussion, cutting carbide bit.Discard any tile that, after drilling, exhibits spalling or chip-ping around the hole in excess of14 in. (6 mm). Installa4in.(100 mm) long,14 in. (6 mm) diameter steel bolt witha1in.(25 mm) diameter steel washer under the tile through the hole.It is not prohibited to
22、shape the washer to match the contour ofthe underside of the tile. It is also not prohibited to omit thewasher.6.2 Install the tile in the same manner as on a roof, inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, on a smallsection of roof deck constructed to fit within the frame of thetest apparat
23、us as shown in Fig. 1. The rafters shall be securelyanchored to the frame or the floor and the sheathing firmlynailed to the rafters. If the roofing underlayment transfersloads, the underlayment shall be installed and, if required,battens shall be nailed to the sheathing. The tile to be testedshall
24、then be installed onto the roof deck section. Tiles in thecourse below the test tile shall be installed to ensure that the tilebeing tested is at the correct angle to the sheathing with thenose of the test tile at the correct angle to the tile course below.6.3 The loading shall be applied through a
25、chain linkageattached to the load transfer bolt at a rate that will causedeflection of the tile nose of approximately 1 in.(25 mm) perminute.6.3.1 The load cell shall be zeroed to take out the weight ofthe load transfer bolt and chain linkage.6.4 Each type of tile installation shall be tested three
26、(3)times with a new tile and fixing. The position of the tile shallbe moved each time so that new fixings will not be affected byany damage caused by previous tests. The sheathing, under-layment, and battens shall be replaced when damage is suchthat the test result is compromised. If the failure of
27、any of thethree (3) tests varies from the average failure by more thantwenty percent (20 %), then three (3) additional tests shall beperformed to provide a total of six (6) tests.7. Conditioning7.1 See the conditioning specified for each specific instal-lation system.8. Failure8.1 The failure criter
28、ia are described for each specificinstallation system and tile.9. Calculation of Mechanical Uplift Resistance9.1 The reported mechanical uplift resistance shall be thefailure load corresponding to the failure criteria described foreach specific attachment system, and adjusted as in 9.2.9.2 The failu
29、re load shall be adjusted when the attachmentsystem is used to provide resistance to more than one (1) tile byFIG. 1 Mechanical Uplift Resistance Test ApparatusC1568082dividing the failure load by a load factor of two (2). If theattachment system provides resistance for only one (1) rooftile, the lo
30、ad factor is one (1).9.3 The mechanical uplift resistance is the net result of theAttachment resistance minus the tiles gravity moment.W = average weight of tile (lbf).u = test roof deck slope (degrees).a = installed tile angle with respect to the test roof deck(degrees).Lg= tile gravitational momen
31、t arm (ft). The tile gravita-tional moment arm, Lg, is the orthogonal distancefrom the tiles center of gravity to the tiles axis ofrotation.Lf= tile attachment moment arm (ft). The tile attachmentmoment arm, Lf, is the orthogonal distance from thepoint of load application to the tiles axis of rotati
32、on.F = failure load as determined under 9.2 (lbf).S.F. = safety factor = 2.0.Mg= tile gravitational moment (ft-lbf). The gravitationalmoment, Mf, is the moment created by the deadweight of the tile for the roof deck slope.Mg5 W cos u2a! Lg!Mf= fastening system attachment moment (ft-lbf). Theattachme
33、nt moment, Mf, is the allowable uplift resis-tance for the attachment resistance for the roof deckslope.Mf5 F cos u2a! Lf Mf, S.F.!10. Tile Installation Using Mechanically-FastenedSystems10.1 Tile shall be installed in accordance with the manufac-turers instructions, using supplementary clips if so
34、specified.10.2 It is not prohibited to omit the tile underlaymentsystem.10.3 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.10.4 For a tile fixed without a clip, one dial gage shall bemounted to measure the upward def
35、lection of the tile34 in. (19mm) from the nose of the tile and in line with the point ofapplication of the load.10.5 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such amanner that the load and deflection can be measured at severallevels of deflection up to a maximum of14 in. (6 mm). At adeflection
36、 of14 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and thepermanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall betaken to ultimate failure of either the fixing or the tile. For a tilefixed with a clip, one dial gage shall be mounted to measure thedeflection at the clip position.10.6 Failure Criteria:
37、10.6.1 For a tile without clips, failure of the tilesmechanically-fastened attachment system shall be consideredas the load required to deflect the nose of the tile by two (2) in.(51 mm), or to break the tile, or to cause14 in. (6 mm)withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head.Fo
38、r a tile with clips, failure of the tiles mechanically-fastenedattachment system shall be considered as the lower of the loadsrequired to develop a permanent set at the clip of18 in. (3 mm),or a14 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.)at the tile head. For a barrel tile with clips
39、, failure of the tilesmechanically-fastened attachment system shall be consideredas the lower of the loads required to develop a permanent setat the clip of18 in. (3 mm), or a14 in. (6 mm) withdrawal ofthe fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head, or a deflection oftwo (2) in. (51 mm) at the ro
40、ll of the tile. In all cases, if theultimate failure of the mechanically-fastened attachment sys-tem or the tile occurs before any one of the above criteria aremet, then the load at ultimate failure shall be considered asfailure of the tiles mechanically-fastened attachment system.10.6.2 The mechani
41、cal uplift resistance of themechanically-fastened tile is the lowest load corresponding toany of the failure criteria described in 10.6.1, adjusted inaccordance with Section 9.11. Tile Attachment Using Adhesive-Set Systems11.1 The adhesive system shall be installed in accordancewith the manufacturer
42、s instructions using supplementary clipsif so specified.11.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.11.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 100F (38C) plus orminus 5F (63C) when installed. The adhesive system
43、shallbe cured in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.Testing must be completed within 28-days of installation.11.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of75F (21C) plus or minus 5F (63C) measured with asurface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart toconfirm that the s
44、urface temperature meets the required testtemperature.11.5 One dial gage shall be mounted to measure the upwarddeflection of the tile34 in. (19 mm) from the nose of the tileand in line with the point of application of the load.11.6 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such amanner that the
45、 load and deflection can be measured at severallevels of deflection up to a maximum of14 in. (6 mm). At adeflection of14 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and thepermanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall bere-applied and increased until ultimate failure of either theattachment s
46、ystem or the tile. For a tile fixed with a clip, onedial gage shall be mounted to measure the deflection at the clipposition.11.7 Failure Criteria:11.7.1 Failure of the tiles adhesive-set attachment systemshall be considered as the load required to cause deflectionwithout any further increase in the
47、 load, or to cause aseparation of the system, or to cause the tile to break. Anadhesive-set attachment system that includes mechanical fas-teners and/or clips shall use the failure criteria of this sectionand 10.6 for the fasteners and/or clips.11.7.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of the adhesive
48、-settile is the lowest load corresponding to any of the failurecriteria in 11.7.1, adjusted in accordance with Section 9.C156808312. Tile Installation Using Mortar-Set Systems12.1 The mortar-set system shall be mixed and installed inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions.12.2 When a hot-mopp
49、ed underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.12.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 100F (38C) plus orminus 5F (63C) when installed. It is not prohibited to begintesting 1-day (24-h) after installation Testing must be com-pleted within 28-days of installation.12.4 Tile shall be tested at a surface temperature of 75F(24C) plus or minus 5F (63C) measured with a surface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart to confirm thatthe surface temperature meets t
