1、Designation: C1568 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles(Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine themechanical uplift resistance o
3、f concrete and clay roof tiles,which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable rooftile system as applied to a roof.1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachmentsystems, adhesive-set attachment systems, and mortar-set at-tachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, t
4、hatare used to apply tile to a roof.1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are given forreference only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
5、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn2009)3C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bri
6、ck andStructural Clay TileC140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC1167 Specification for Clay Roof TilesC1492 Specification for Concrete Roof Tile2.2 SBCCI Standard:SBCCI SSDT 11 SBCCI Test Standard for DeterminingWind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof Ti
7、lesNOTE 1This standard is based on the International Code CouncilsICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance ofConcrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industrystesting programs completed in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.2.3 ASCE Standard:ASCE 7 Minimum De
8、sign Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology C43, and Specifications C1167and C1492.4. Significance and Use4.1 The method of attachment of roof tiles to the roof deck,or support structure, is one factor
9、 in the resistance of concreteand clay roof tiles to the action of wind. Several systems ofattachment, and even combinations of systems, are used in theapplication of tile to a roof. The mechanical uplift resistance ofthe tile, when applied to the roof by any attachment systemapproved by, and in acc
10、ordance with, the manufacturersinstructions, is a primary factor in the tiles resistance to theaction of wind. This test method determines the mechanicaluplift resistance that is related to resistance to the uplift forcesacting as a result of wind. Natural wind conditions differ withrespect to inten
11、sity, duration, and turbulence; these conditionsare beyond the means of this test method to simulate.5. Apparatus5.1 A test apparatus shown in Fig. 1 shall be used to test themechanical uplift resistance of roof tiles. The triangulatedframework and loading bar shall be constructed of tubular steelof
12、 sufficient strength to remain rigid when loads of up to 500lbf are applied to the test tile. The frame shall be fixed to thefloor to prevent movement of the frame and to provide a solidreference plane for deflection measurements. The joints of theframe shall be rigid, however, the loading bar rotat
13、es about theframe to facilitate the loading of the test tile. The other end ofthe loading bar is attached to a hydraulic jack, or similarlycontrollable mechanical device, which allows the load to beapplied gradually and to be maintained at any desired loadwhile deflections are being measured The loa
14、d is applied to thetile through a load transfer device (steel bolt with chain1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December
15、 2013. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1568 08. DOI:10.1520/C1568-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the s
16、tandards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1linkage) and is measured by a load cell capable of o
17、perating atup to 500 lbf. The roof framing used for the specimens shall beeither fixed to the floor, anchored to the triangulatedframework, or weighted to prevent the roof framing from beinglifted during the test. Deflections are measured by dial gagesfirmly fixed to a reference plane so that as the
18、 tile is loaded andthe tile or test frame distorts, the reference position remainsstatic. A dial gage plunger is placed on top of the tile nose ina central position to measure the mechanical uplift of the tile.Additional dial gages are required depending on the method oftile attachment: (a) in mecha
19、nically fastened systems, a dialgage at the fastener in the bead of the tile to measurewithdrawal of the fastener; (b) when a clip is used, a dial gageat the clip to measure deflection and permanent set of the clip;and (c) when a barrel tile is used, a dial gage at the roll of thetile to measure the
20、 deflection of the roll due to the rotation ofthis type of tile.6. Procedure6.1 Drill the test tile and install the steel-bolt load-transferdevice into to the tile as follows:6.1.1 Drill a hole along the centerline of the exposed widthof the tile at 0.76 times the tile length from the head of the ti
21、leusing a14 in. (6 mm) non-percussion, cutting carbide bit.Discard any tile that, after drilling, exhibits spalling or chip-ping around the hole in excess of14 in. (6 mm). Installa4in.(100 mm) long,14 in. (6 mm) diameter steel bolt witha1in.(25 mm) diameter steel washer under the tile through the ho
22、le.It is not prohibited to shape the washer to match the contour ofthe underside of the tile. It is also not prohibited to omit thewasher.6.2 Install the tile in the same manner as on a roof, inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, on a smallsection of roof deck constructed to fit within t
23、he frame of thetest apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. The rafters shall be securelyanchored to the frame or the floor and the sheathing firmlynailed to the rafters. If the roofing underlayment transfersloads, the underlayment shall be installed and, if required,battens shall be nailed to the sheathing.
24、The tile to be testedshall then be installed onto the roof deck section. Tiles in thecourse below the test tile shall be installed to ensure that the tilebeing tested is at the correct angle to the sheathing with thenose of the test tile at the correct angle to the tile course below.6.3 The loading
25、shall be applied through a chain linkageattached to the load transfer bolt at a rate that will causedeflection of the tile nose of approximately 1 in.(25 mm) perminute.6.3.1 The load cell shall be zeroed to take out the weight ofthe load transfer bolt and chain linkage.6.4 Each type of tile installa
26、tion shall be tested three (3)times with a new tile and fixing. The position of the tile shallbe moved each time so that new fixings will not be affected byany damage caused by previous tests. The sheathing,underlayment, and battens shall be replaced when damage issuch that the test result is compro
27、mised. If the failure of any ofthe three (3) tests varies from the average failure by more thantwenty percent (20 %), then three (3) additional tests shall beperformed to provide a total of six (6) tests.7. Conditioning7.1 See the conditioning specified for each specific instal-lation system.8. Fail
28、ure8.1 The failure criteria are described for each specificinstallation system and tile.FIG. 1 Mechanical Uplift Resistance Test ApparatusC1568 08 (2013)29. Calculation of Mechanical Uplift Resistance9.1 The reported mechanical uplift resistance shall be thefailure load corresponding to the failure
29、criteria described foreach specific attachment system, and adjusted as in 9.2.9.2 The failure load shall be adjusted when the attachmentsystem is used to provide resistance to more than one (1) tile bydividing the failure load by a load factor of two (2). If theattachment system provides resistance
30、for only one (1) rooftile, the load factor is one (1).9.3 The mechanical uplift resistance is the net result of theAttachment resistance minus the tiles gravity moment.W = average weight of tile (lbf). = test roof deck slope (degrees). = installed tile angle with respect to the test roof deck(degree
31、s).Lg= tile gravitational moment arm (ft). The tile gravita-tional moment arm, Lg, is the orthogonal distancefrom the tiles center of gravity to the tiles axis ofrotation.Lf= tile attachment moment arm (ft). The tile attachmentmoment arm, Lf, is the orthogonal distance from thepoint of load applicat
32、ion to the tiles axis of rotation.F = failure load as determined under 9.2 (lbf).S.F. = safety factor = 2.0.Mg= tile gravitational moment (ft-lbf). The gravitationalmoment, Mf, is the moment created by the deadweight of the tile for the roof deck slope.Mg5W cos 2!Lg!Mf= fastening system attachment m
33、oment (ft-lbf). Theattachment moment, Mf, is the allowable uplift resis-tance for the attachment resistance for the roof deckslope.Mf5F cos 2!Lf2Mf, S.F.!10. Tile Installation Using Mechanically-FastenedSystems10.1 Tile shall be installed in accordance with the manufac-turers instructions, using sup
34、plementary clips if so specified.10.2 It is not prohibited to omit the tile underlaymentsystem.10.3 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.10.4 For a tile fixed without a clip, one dial gage shall bemounted to
35、 measure the upward deflection of the tile34 in. (19mm) from the nose of the tile and in line with the point ofapplication of the load.10.5 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such amanner that the load and deflection can be measured at severallevels of deflection up to a maximum of14 in.
36、 (6 mm). At adeflection of14 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and thepermanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall betaken to ultimate failure of either the fixing or the tile. For a tilefixed with a clip, one dial gage shall be mounted to measure thedeflection at the clip position
37、.10.6 Failure Criteria:10.6.1 For a tile without clips, failure of the tilesmechanically-fastened attachment system shall be consideredas the load required to deflect the nose of the tile by two (2) in.(51 mm), or to break the tile, or to cause14 in. (6 mm)withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, et
38、c.) at the tile head.For a tile with clips, failure of the tiles mechanically-fastenedattachment system shall be considered as the lower of the loadsrequired to develop a permanent set at the clip of18 in. (3 mm),or a14 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.)at the tile head. For a
39、 barrel tile with clips, failure of the tilesmechanically-fastened attachment system shall be consideredas the lower of the loads required to develop a permanent setat the clip of18 in. (3 mm), or a14 in. (6 mm) withdrawal ofthe fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head, or a deflection oftwo (2
40、) in. (51 mm) at the roll of the tile. In all cases, if theultimate failure of the mechanically-fastened attachment sys-tem or the tile occurs before any one of the above criteria aremet, then the load at ultimate failure shall be considered asfailure of the tiles mechanically-fastened attachment sy
41、stem.10.6.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of themechanically-fastened tile is the lowest load corresponding toany of the failure criteria described in 10.6.1, adjusted inaccordance with Section 9.11. Tile Attachment Using Adhesive-Set Systems11.1 The adhesive system shall be installed in accordan
42、cewith the manufacturers instructions using supplementary clipsif so specified.11.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.11.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 100F (38C) plus orminus 5F (63C) when installe
43、d. The adhesive system shallbe cured in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.Testing must be completed within 28-days of installation.11.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of75F (21C) plus or minus 5F (63C) measured with asurface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a cha
44、rt toconfirm that the surface temperature meets the required testtemperature.11.5 One dial gage shall be mounted to measure the upwarddeflection of the tile34 in. (19 mm) from the nose of the tileand in line with the point of application of the load.11.6 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile i
45、n such amanner that the load and deflection can be measured at severallevels of deflection up to a maximum of14 in. (6 mm). At adeflection of14 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and thepermanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall bere-applied and increased until ultimate failure of
46、 either theattachment system or the tile. For a tile fixed with a clip, onedial gage shall be mounted to measure the deflection at the clipposition.11.7 Failure Criteria:C1568 08 (2013)311.7.1 Failure of the tiles adhesive-set attachment systemshall be considered as the load required to cause deflec
47、tionwithout any further increase in the load, or to cause aseparation of the system, or to cause the tile to break. Anadhesive-set attachment system that includes mechanical fas-teners and/or clips shall use the failure criteria of this sectionand 10.6 for the fasteners and/or clips.11.7.2 The mecha
48、nical uplift resistance of the adhesive-settile is the lowest load corresponding to any of the failurecriteria in 11.7.1, adjusted in accordance with Section 9.12. Tile Installation Using Mortar-Set Systems12.1 The mortar-set system shall be mixed and installed inaccordance with the manufacturers in
49、structions.12.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, theunderlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature beforetile installation.12.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 100F (38C) plus orminus 5F (63C) when installed. It is not prohibited to begintesting 1-day (24-h) after installation Testing must be com-pleted within 28-days of installation.12.4 Tile shall be tested at a surface temperature of 75F(24C) plus or minus 5F (63C) measured with a surface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart to confi
