1、Designation: C 1569 03Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (WindTunnel Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1569; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine theresistance of concrete and clay roof tiles to simulated windef
3、fects in a wind-tunnel apparatus. Simulated wind velocitiesof 70 mph (31 m/s) to 130 mph (58 m/s) are employed.1.2 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are given forreference only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesa
4、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 43 Terminology of Structural
5、 Clay ProductsC 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 140 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry UnitsC 1167 Specification for Clay Roof TilesC 1492 Specification for Concrete Roof TilesC 1568 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Ti
6、les (Mechanical Uplift Method)C 1570 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Air Permeability Method)2.2 SBCCI Standards:SBCCI SSDT 11 SBCCI Test Standard for DeterminingWind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof TilesNOTE 1This standard is based on the International Code Counc
7、ilsICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance ofConcrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industrystesting programs completed in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.2.3 ASCE Standards:ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures3. Terminology3.1
8、DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology C 43, and Specifications C 1167and C 1492.4. Significance and Use4.1 It is known that the observed effects of wind simulatedin a wind-tunnel apparatus are related to the effects observedfrom natural wind. The resistance
9、 of tiles to simulated wind inthis test relates to the resistance of the tiles to the effects ofnatural wind when they are applied to a roof. One factor in theresistance of the tiles to the effects of both natural andsimulated wind is the method of attachment specified in themanufacturers instructio
10、ns. This test method determines theuplift forces acting as a result of the simulated wind when tileare attached to a section of roof deck in accordance with themanufacturers instructions. Natural wind conditions differwith respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; theseconditions are beyond th
11、e means of this test method tosimulate.5. Apparatus5.1 The test assembly of tiles attached to a section of roofdeck is identical to that used in C 1568 (Mechanical UpliftMethod) except that tile are not fitted with a load-transferdevice.5.2 The test assembly of tiles attached to the roof decksection
12、 is positioned on the floor of the wind tunnel apparatusas shown in Fig. 1.6. Conditioning6.1 See the conditioning specified in Standard C 1568(Mechanical Uplift Method) for each specific installationsystem being investigated.7. Procedure7.1 Install the tile in the same manner as on a roof, inaccord
13、ance with the manufacturers instructions, on a smallsection of roof deck constructed to fit within the wind tunnel1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile .Current edition app
14、roved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM In
15、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.apparatus. The rafters shall be capable of being securelyanchored to the floor of the wind tunnel apparatus, and thesheathing firmly nailed to the rafters. Roofing underlayment isinstalled on top of the
16、sheathing and, if required, battens arenailed to the sheathing. The tile, underlayment system, androof deck section constitute the test assembly.7.2 The test assembly for the tile installation system beinginvestigated shall be installed in the floor of the wind tunnelapparatus to cover area B in Fig
17、. 1. Area A shall be used toprovide the boundary conditions for the flow over Area B. Thetiles in Area A shall be firmly fixed to the floor of the windtunnel apparatus. The tiles along the side of the test assemblyshall be sealed with adhesive tape to prevent air flow betweenthe underside of the til
18、es and the slow moving layer of air onthe floor of the wind tunnel. Roof sheathing shall have at leastone transverse joint in the test assembly to simulate air leakagefrom within the building.7.3 When testing Hip and Ridge tiles, they shall be as-sembled on the test deck in the same manner that they
19、 wouldbe applied to a roof in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.7.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of750F (210C) plus or minus 50F (30C) measured with asurface mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart toconfirm that the surface temperature meets the required testt
20、emperature.7.5 The pressure distribution on tile top of the tile shall hemeasured by placing 20 pressure taps in a single tile in Area B.The pressure distribution shall be taken above the tile by asuitable pressure measuring device that permits the rapidsampling of the pressure on all pressure taps.
21、 The pressure onthe bottom surface of the tile shall be measured by pressuretaps open to the underside of the tile.7.6 A plenum chamber shall be installed below the tiles inArea B. The chamber shall be connected via a swing valve toa fan. The test shall be conducted with a pressure in the plenumcham
22、ber set to simulate an internal building pressure of +0.2.7.7 The wind speed over the test assembly shall be mea-sured using a pitot-static tube as shown in Fig. 2. ThePitot-static tube shall be positioned 4 in. (102 mm) above thetiles in the free stream. Pressure tube connections shall bemade to th
23、e pitot-static tube so that the total pressure head(pitot + static) and the static pressure alone can be measured.The velocity (dynamic) pressure shall be determined bysubtracting the static pressure from the total head.7.8 The wind tunnel shall be taken up to a wind speed of 70mph (31 m/s) measured
24、 at the pitot-static tube position. Thisspeed will he held steady for 60 s and then readings shall betaken. The wind speed will then increase to 80 mph (36 m/s)and be held at this speed for 60 s before the readings are taken.This procedure will be repeated in 10 mph (4 m/s) incrementsuntil a wind sp
25、eed of 130 mph (58 m/s) is reached, themaximum wind speed of the wind tunnel is reached, or the testassembly has failed. If the test assembly fails, the wind speedwhen the roof covering is removed shall be recorded. If theroof covering is not removed, then the maximum wind speedobtained in the test
26、shall be recorded.7.9 The net pressures on the tile shall be used to determinethe aerodynamic uplift force (overturning moment) on the tileas a function of the velocity pressures of the various windspeeds in the free stream. The wind velocity of the free streamshall be correlated to the fastest mile
27、 wind velocity used in thecode.8. Failure8.1 The failure criteria are described for each specificinstallation system and tile in C 1568 (Mechanical UpliftMethod).9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 A statement that the test or tests were conducted inaccordance with these test p
28、rocedures. Deviations from thesetest procedures shall be described in the report and the effect ofany deviations on the test results shall be explained in thereport.9.1.2 Descriptions of the framing system, concrete or clayroof tiles, with sketches. The description of the concrete or clayroof tiles
29、shall include as a minimum the following: tile profile;location of nail holes; location of clips; headlap; side laps;thickness; weight.9.1.3 A detailed description, with sketches, of the test setup,auxiliary apparatus, and equipment.9.1.4 All DataThis should include pertinent observationson the beha
30、vior of the concrete or clay roof tiles during the testincluding as a minimum the following:9.1.4.1 Failure ModeSpecify the criteria that determinedfailure (see C 1568, Mechanical Uplift Method). When adhe-sive systems or mortar Systems are tested, specify the type ofseparation which occurred The se
31、paration of the system may be(1) between the adhesive or mortar patty and the roof tile, (2)within the adhesive or mortar patty, (3) between the adhesiveor mortar patty and the underlayment, or (4) separation of theunderlayment.9.1.4.2 Adhesive and mortar system mixing, installation andcuring detail
32、s.9.1.4.3 Conditioning details.9.1.4.4 Quantity of adhesive or mortar.9.1.4.5 The contact area between tile and adhesive or mortarsystem.FIG. 1 Test Assembly Location in the Wind Tunnel ApparatusC15690329.1.5 The maximum wind speed at failure, if the roofcovering is removed.9.1.6 The maximum wind sp
33、eed recorded during the test, ifno failure occurs.9.1.7 The calculated aerodynamic overturning moment (up-lift resistance) of the tile.9.1.8 Analysis and calculations.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionIt is not possible to specify the precision ofthe procedure in Test Method C 1569 (Wind Tunnel Me
34、thod)because the wind tunnel is a unique structure used only todevelop data and criteria for use in Test Method C 1568(Mechanical Uplift Method), and to facilitate correlation of tileuplift resistance to the speed of the simulated wind.10.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe proce
35、dure in Test Method C 1569 (Wind Tunnel Method)for measuring wind resistance of roof tiles because no materialhaving an accepted reference value is available.11. Keywords11.1 clay roof tile; concrete roof tile; plenum chamber;simulated wind; uplift resistance; wind resistance; wind tunnelmethodASTM
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37、rely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand
38、 should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on
39、 Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 2 Pitot-Static TubeC1569033
