1、Designation: C1569 03 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (WindTunnel Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1569; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine theresistance of concrete and clay roof tiles to s
3、imulated windeffects in a wind-tunnel apparatus. Simulated wind velocitiesof 70 mph (31 m/s) to 130 mph (58 m/s) are employed.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for informa
4、tion onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
5、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn2009)3C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC1167 Specificatio
6、n for Clay Roof TilesC1492 Specification for Concrete Roof TileC1568 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)C1570 Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete andClay Roof Tiles (Air Permeability Method)2.2 SBCCI Standards:SBCCI SSDT 11 SBC
7、CI Test Standard for DeterminingWind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof TilesNOTE 1This standard is based on the International Code CouncilsICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance ofConcrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industrystesting programs complet
8、ed in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.2.3 ASCE Standards:ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to Terminology C43, and Specifications C1167and C1492.4. Significance and Use4.1 It is known tha
9、t the observed effects of wind simulatedin a wind-tunnel apparatus are related to the effects observedfrom natural wind. The resistance of tiles to simulated wind inthis test relates to the resistance of the tiles to the effects ofnatural wind when they are applied to a roof. One factor in theresist
10、ance of the tiles to the effects of both natural andsimulated wind is the method of attachment specified in themanufacturers instructions. This test method determines theuplift forces acting as a result of the simulated wind when tileare attached to a section of roof deck in accordance with themanuf
11、acturers instructions. Natural wind conditions differwith respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; theseconditions are beyond the means of this test method tosimulate.5. Apparatus5.1 The test assembly of tiles attached to a section of roofdeck is identical to that used in Test Method C1568 (M
12、echani-cal Uplift Method) except that tile are not fitted with aload-transfer device.5.2 The test assembly of tiles attached to the roof decksection is positioned on the floor of the wind tunnel apparatusas shown in Fig. 1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactu
13、red Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2093 as C1569 03(2009).DOI: 10.1520/C1569-03R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM
15、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Stand
16、ards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16. Conditioning6.1 See the conditioning specified in Test Method C1568(Mechanical Uplift Method) for each specific installationsystem being investigated.7. Procedure7.1 Install the ti
17、le in the same manner as on a roof, inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, on a smallsection of roof deck constructed to fit within the wind tunnelapparatus. The rafters shall be capable of being securelyanchored to the floor of the wind tunnel apparatus, and thesheathing firmly nailed to
18、 the rafters. Roofing underlayment isinstalled on top of the sheathing and, if required, battens arenailed to the sheathing. The tile, underlayment system, androof deck section constitute the test assembly.7.2 The test assembly for the tile installation system beinginvestigated shall be installed in
19、 the floor of the wind tunnelapparatus to cover area B in Fig. 1. Area A shall be used toprovide the boundary conditions for the flow over Area B. Thetiles in Area A shall be firmly fixed to the floor of the windtunnel apparatus. The tiles along the side of the test assemblyshall be sealed with adhe
20、sive tape to prevent air flow betweenthe underside of the tiles and the slow moving layer of air onthe floor of the wind tunnel. Roof sheathing shall have at leastone transverse joint in the test assembly to simulate air leakagefrom within the building.7.3 When testing Hip and Ridge tiles, they shal
21、l be as-sembled on the test deck in the same manner that they wouldbe applied to a roof in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.7.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of750F (210C) plus or minus 50F (30C) measured with asurface mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart to
22、confirm that the surface temperature meets the required testtemperature.7.5 The pressure distribution on tile top of the tile shall hemeasured by placing 20 pressure taps in a single tile in Area B.The pressure distribution shall be taken above the tile by asuitable pressure measuring device that pe
23、rmits the rapidsampling of the pressure on all pressure taps. The pressure onthe bottom surface of the tile shall be measured by pressuretaps open to the underside of the tile.7.6 A plenum chamber shall be installed below the tiles inArea B. The chamber shall be connected via a swing valve toa fan.
24、The test shall be conducted with a pressure in the plenumchamber set to simulate an internal building pressure of +0.2.7.7 The wind speed over the test assembly shall be mea-sured using a pitot-static tube as shown in Fig. 2. ThePitot-static tube shall be positioned 4 in. (102 mm) above thetiles in
25、the free stream. Pressure tube connections shall bemade to the pitot-static tube so that the total pressure head(pitot + static) and the static pressure alone can be measured.The velocity (dynamic) pressure shall be determined bysubtracting the static pressure from the total head.7.8 The wind tunnel
26、 shall be taken up to a wind speed of 70mph (31 m/s) measured at the pitot-static tube position. Thisspeed will he held steady for 60 s and then readings shall betaken. The wind speed will then increase to 80 mph (36 m/s)and be held at this speed for 60 s before the readings are taken.This procedure
27、 will be repeated in 10 mph (4 m/s) incrementsuntil a wind speed of 130 mph (58 m/s) is reached, themaximum wind speed of the wind tunnel is reached, or the testassembly has failed. If the test assembly fails, the wind speedwhen the roof covering is removed shall be recorded. If theroof covering is
28、not removed, then the maximum wind speedobtained in the test shall be recorded.7.9 The net pressures on the tile shall be used to determinethe aerodynamic uplift force (overturning moment) on the tileas a function of the velocity pressures of the various windspeeds in the free stream. The wind veloc
29、ity of the free streamshall be correlated to the fastest mile wind velocity used in thecode.8. Failure8.1 The failure criteria are described for each specificinstallation system and tile in Test Method C1568 (MechanicalUplift Method).9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 A statem
30、ent that the test or tests were conducted inaccordance with these test procedures. Deviations from thesetest procedures shall be described in the report and the effect ofany deviations on the test results shall be explained in thereport.9.1.2 Descriptions of the framing system, concrete or clayroof
31、tiles, with sketches. The description of the concrete or clayroof tiles shall include as a minimum the following: tile profile;location of nail holes; location of clips; headlap; side laps;thickness; weight.9.1.3 A detailed description, with sketches, of the test setup,auxiliary apparatus, and equip
32、ment.FIG. 1 Test Assembly Location in the Wind Tunnel ApparatusC1569 03 (2016)29.1.4 All DataThis should include pertinent observationson the behavior of the concrete or clay roof tiles during the testincluding as a minimum the following:9.1.4.1 Failure ModeSpecify the criteria that determinedfailur
33、e (see Test Method C1568, Mechanical Uplift Method).When adhesive systems or mortar Systems are tested, specifythe type of separation which occurred The separation of thesystem may be (1) between the adhesive or mortar patty andthe roof tile, (2) within the adhesive or mortar patty, (3)between the a
34、dhesive or mortar patty and the underlayment, or(4) separation of the underlayment.9.1.4.2 Adhesive and mortar system mixing, installation andcuring details.9.1.4.3 Conditioning details.9.1.4.4 Quantity of adhesive or mortar.9.1.4.5 The contact area between tile and adhesive or mortarsystem.9.1.5 Th
35、e maximum wind speed at failure, if the roofcovering is removed.9.1.6 The maximum wind speed recorded during the test, ifno failure occurs.9.1.7 The calculated aerodynamic overturning moment (up-lift resistance) of the tile.9.1.8 Analysis and calculations.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionIt is no
36、t possible to specify the precision ofthe procedure in Test Method C1570 (Wind Tunnel Method)because the wind tunnel is a unique structure used only todevelop data and criteria for use in Test Method C1568(Mechanical Uplift Method), and to facilitate correlation of tileuplift resistance to the speed
37、 of the simulated wind.10.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in Test Method C1570 (Wind Tunnel Method)for measuring wind resistance of roof tiles because no materialhaving an accepted reference value is available.11. Keywords11.1 clay roof tile; concrete roof tile; ple
38、num chamber;simulated wind; uplift resistance; wind resistance; wind tunnelmethodFIG. 2 Pitot-Static TubeC1569 03 (2016)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expres
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