1、Designation: C157/C157M 08 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Test Method forLength Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar andConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C157/C157M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorial corre
3、ctions were made in November 2014.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lengthchanges that are produced by causes other than externallyapplied forces and temperature changes in hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete specimens made in the laboratoryand exposed to contro
4、lled conditions of temperature andmoisture.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. An exception is withregard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in whichthe SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E11.Within the
5、text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address
6、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology
7、Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the LaboratoryC305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes an
8、d Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyC490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination ofLength Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, andConcreteC511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and ConcretesC596 Tes
9、t Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Contain-ing Hydraulic CementC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)3.
10、 Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method aredefined in Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 length change, nan increase or decrease in thelength of a test specimen that has been caused to change by anyfactor other than externally applied forc
11、es and temperaturechanges.4. Significance and Use4.1 Measurement of length change permits assessment ofthe potential for volumetric expansion or contraction of mortaror concrete due to various causes other than applied force ortemperature change. This test method is particularly useful forcomparativ
12、e evaluation of this potential in different hydraulic-cement mortar or concrete mixtures.4.2 This test method provides useful information for experi-mental purposes or for products that require testing undernonstandard mixing, placing, handling, or curing conditions,1This test method is under the ju
13、risdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.68 on Volume Change.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C157/C157M 081.DOI: 10.152
14、0/C0157_C0157M-08R14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears
15、 at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FIG. 1 AtmometerC157/C157M 08 (2014)12such as high product workability or different demolding times.Standard conditions are described in 5.4.1.4.3 If conditio
16、ns for mixing, curing, sampling, and storageother than specified in this test method are required, they shallbe reported but are not to be considered as standard conditionsof this test method. Nonstandard conditions and the reasons fordeparture from standard conditions shall be reported clearlyand p
17、rominently with comparator values.5. Apparatus5.1 Molds and Length ComparatorThe molds for castingtest specimens and the length comparator for measuring lengthchange shall conform to the requirements of Practice C490.5.2 TamperThe tamper shall be made of a nonabsorptive,nonabrasive material such as
18、medium-hard rubber or seasonedoak wood rendered nonabsorptive by immersion for 15 min inparaffin at approximately 392 F 200 C, and shall have across section of12 by 1.0 in. 13 by 25 mm and a convenientlength of about 6 in. 150 mm. The tamping face of the tampershall be flat and at right angles to th
19、e length of the tamper.5.3 Tamping RodThe tamping rod shall be a straight steelrod38 in. 10 mm in diameter and not less than 10 in. 250mm in length, having at least the tamping end rounded to ahemispherical tip of the same diameter.5.4 Drying Room and ControlsA drying room with suit-able racks shall
20、 be provided when storing specimens in air. Theracks shall be designed for free circulation of air aroundspecimens, except for necessary supports, and shall be sosituated with respect to the nearest wall or other obstructionthat air circulation is not restricted in the intervening space.The supports
21、 shall be horizontal and shall consist of twononabsorptive members not deeper than 1 in. 25 mm andhaving a bearing area of not more than14 in. 6 mm in width.Conditioned air shall be circulated into and out of the room ina uniform manner so that the specified rate of evaporation isattained adjacent t
22、o all specimens.5.4.1 The air in the room shall be maintained at a tempera-ture of 73 6 3F236 2 C and a relative humidity of 50 64 %. The air movement past all specimens shall be such thatthe rate of evaporation is 77 6 30-mL/24 h from an atmometeror 13 6 5-mL/24 h from a 400-mL Griffin low-form bea
23、kerfilled to34 in. 20 mm from the top. The temperature andrelative humidity of the air in the room shall be measured witheither a sling or Assmann psychrometer at least twice eachworking day. The psychrometer shall comply with Test MethodE337, except that thermometers having an overall length of 10i
24、n. 250 mm and marked in subdivisions of 0.5 F 0.25 Care permitted. The room shall be equipped with a means ofmeasuring and recording wet- and dry-bulb temperaturescontinuously. Correction factors as indicated by the sling orAssmann psychrometer shall be applied to the recorded data.The rate of evapo
25、ration within the room shall be determineddaily by the use of the atmometer or by the loss of mass ofwater from a 400-mL Griffin low-form beaker filled initially to34 in. 20 mm from the top.5.5 AtmometerThe atmometer shall be constructed asshown in Fig. 1.5.5.1 MountingFig. 2 shows a suggested arran
26、gement foroperating the atmometer. Punch a central hole12 in. 13 mmin diameter in a filter paper, place it on the atmometer, andsecure it in place while dry, by turning the torque handle only,until it just starts to slip. Mount the atmometer on a stand withthe filter paper in a horizontal position.
27、Mount a 100-mL glassgraduate so that the 100-mL mark is from 1 to 3 in. 25 to 75mm below the level of the filter paper. Stopper the graduate sothat entrance is provided for two short glass tubes not extend-ing to the water level and one long tube extending to thebottom of the graduate. Connect the g
28、lass tubing leading fromthe bottom of the graduate to the inlet of the atmometer bymeans of clear plastic tubing.5.5.2 OperationUse clear plastic tubing to connect asqueeze bottle containing distilled or deionized water to one ofthe short glass tubes into the graduate. Force water into thegraduate u
29、ntil it is about half full and then close the remainingglass tube into the graduate. Continue to force water throughthe graduate into the atmometer until the filter paper issaturated and there are no air bubbles in the system. Open theglass tube into the graduate and release pressure on the squeezeb
30、ottle gradually to avoid trapping air in the tube leading to theatmometer. Adjust the level of water in the graduate toapproximately the 100-mL mark. If the atmometer is to be usedunder variable temperature conditions, disconnect the squeezebottle after filling the graduate to avoid the possibility
31、ofadditional water being forced into the graduate. Permit evapo-ration of water from the filter paper for 1 h before recording thetime and initial reading of the graduate. It is not permitted toomit the waiting period during subsequent use of the atmom-eter provided the filter paper does not become
32、dry. Change thefilter paper whenever it shows signs of contamination but notless frequently than once every two weeks.5.6 Filter PaperThe filter paper to be used with theatmometer shall be white with a smooth surface texture. It shallbe 6 in. 152 mm in diameter and 0.050 6 0.003 in. 1.27 60.08 mm th
33、ick and shall have a cotton fiber content of not lessthan 75 weight %. The density shall be between 0.400 and0.425 g/cm3. The Mullen bursting strength shall not be lessthan 50 psi 345 kPa.NOTE 1E and D filter paper No. 6253has been found suitable.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to
34、the committee at this timeis Ahlstrom Filtration Co., Mt. Holly Springs, PA 17065. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which y
35、ou may attend.FIG. 2 Atmometer AssemblyC157/C157M 08 (2014)135.7 Apparatus for Demolding SpecimensIt is useful toconstruct an apparatus for demolding specimens molded indouble molds as detailed in Fig. 3 or to a different design thatserves the same purpose. When this device is to be used, thecenter
36、side plate of the double mold must be appropriatelydrilled and tapped to receive the 8-32 by58 in. 4.5-0.74 IMCby 16 mm machine screw of the demolding thumbscrew. Fig.4 shows the details of a suitable apparatus for demoldingspecimens molded in single molds.ASTM C157 FIGURESFigure Di-mensionsSI Units
37、 Inch-Pound UnitsA Adjustable torque handle Adjustable torque handle1.41.7 Nm 1215 in.lbB Jam nut Jam nut1015 IMC38-in.16 NCC 10-mm diameter 1.5 IMC Thd.38-in. dia16 NC Thd.D 12-mm diameter 1.5 IMC Thd.12-in. dia20 NC Thd.E 64-mm diameter 2.50-in. diameterF 64-mm diameter 2.50-in. diameterG 57-mm di
38、ameter 2.25-in. diameterH 52-mm diameter 2.06-in. diameterI 51-mm diameter 2.00-in. diameterJ 14mm 0.56in.K 8 mm 0.31 in.L 13mm 0.50in.M 3 mm 0.125 in.N 8 mm 0.31 in.O 19mm 0.75in.P 32mm 1.25in.Q 53mm 2.06in.R 1.5-mm drill through 11.5-mm Cdrill116-in. drill through2964-in. C drill32-mm deep tap 12-
39、mm 1.5-mmIMF Thd114-in. deep tap12-in.20 ThdS 19 mm deep 16 mm C bore 6mm deep34-in. deep58-in. C bore14 in.deepT 5-mm drill 3-mm deep C drill316-in. drill18-in. deep C drillat 60 as shown at 60 as shownthrough to center tapped hole through to center tapped holeU 3 mm 0.12 in. diameterV 2 mm 0.09 in
40、.W 10mm 0.40in.X 60mm 2.36in.Y 35mm 1.37in.Z 6 mm 0.25 in.AA 6mm 0.25in.BB 4mm 0.15in.CC 6mm 0.25in.DD 23 mm 0.87 in.EE 38 mm 1.50 in.FF 25 to 75 mm 1 to 3 in.GG 35 mm high 1.37 in. highHH 100 mm 4 in.II 130 mm 5 in.JJ 8 cm6.1 kg/m channel 3 in.4.1 lb/ft channelKK 20 mm34 in.LL 330 mm 13 in.MM 142.0
41、 IMC Thd.12 in.12 Thd.NN 20 mm34 in.OO 50 mm 2 in.PP 20 mm34 in.QQ 60 mm14 in.RR 10 mm38 in.SS Drill Cl. hole for Drill Cl. hole for4.50.75 IMC machine screw 832 in. machine screwTT 13 mm12 in.UU 25 mm 1 in.VV 30 mm 1-316 in.WW 60 mm 2-38 in.XX 12.5 mm12 in.YY 6-mm diameter steel rod14-in. diameter
42、steel rodZZ 4.50.75 IMC 16-mm machinescrew832 58-in. machine screw6. Sampling6.1 Take samples according to the applicable provisions ofPractice C192/C192M from batches of hydraulic-cement mor-tar or concrete made in the laboratory (Note 2).NOTE 2When collecting samples in nonstandard conditions, suc
43、h asfield concrete, it is suggested that Practice C172 be followed. Field castspecimens can show up to twice as much drying shrinkage as laboratoryInstructions for UseRemove the end and the outer side plates leaving thebase, center side plate, and gage stud holders in place. Engage the machinescrew
44、in the drilled and tapped end of the center side plate. Turn the thumbscrewto loosen the bars.FIG. 3 Device for Detaching 1-in. 25-mm Square by 1114-in.285-mm Bars from Center Side Plate of Double MoldsNOTE 1Dimensions shown are appropriate for one design of mold for3-in. 75-mm square specimens. Cha
45、nge dimensions as required for othermolds.FIG. 4 Device for Demolding Specimens from Single MoldsC157/C157M 08 (2014)14cast specimens from the same materials and proportions.7. Test Specimens7.1 MortarThe test specimen for mortar shall be a prismof 1-in. 25-mm square cross-section and approximately
46、1114in. 285 mm in length. Three specimens shall be prepared foreach test condition.7.2 ConcreteThe test specimen for concrete, in which allof the aggregate passes a 2-in. 50-mm sieve, shall be a prismof 4-in. 100-mm square cross-section and approximately 1114in. 285 mm long. However, a prism of 3-in
47、. 75-mm squarecross-section shall be used if all of the aggregate passes a 1-in.sieve 25.0-mm. Three specimens shall be prepared for eachtest condition. Since length change is capable of being influ-enced by the size of the specimen, specimens to be comparedshall have the same dimensions, and any sp
48、ecification limitbased upon this method shall be applied to a specified size ofspecimen.8. Procedure for Mixing Mortars and Concrete8.1 If the mortar or concrete to be tested is made inaccordance with requirements other than those given in one ofthe following paragraphs, samples shall be taken and s
49、peci-mens molded as described in the sections on sampling and onmolding specimens.8.2 Bring all materials to a temperature between 65 and 75F 18 and 24 C before using to make mortar or concrete.Proportion solid materials by mass (that is, not by volume). Itis permissible to batch water and liquid admixtures either bymass or by volume. For calculation of batch quantities, assumeaggregates to be saturated and surface-dry; if they are
