1、Designation: C158 02 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forStrength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus ofRupture)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test metho
3、ds cover the determination of themodulus of rupture in bending of glass and glass-ceramics.1.2 These test methods are applicable to annealed andprestressed glasses and glass-ceramics available in variedforms. Alternative test methods are described; the test methodused shall be determined by the purp
4、ose of the test andgeometric characteristics of specimens representative of thematerial.1.2.1 Test Method A is a test for modulus of rupture of flatglass.1.2.2 Test Method B is a comparative test for modulus ofrupture of glass and glass-ceramics.1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:Sec
5、tionsTest Method A 6 to 9Test Method B 10 to 151.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the appli
6、cability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard statements are given in Section 10 and A1.5,A2.3.3, A2.4.3 and A2.5.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
7、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of GlassContainersE4 Practices for Force Verification
8、 of Testing MachinesSI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard forUse of the International System of Units (SI): The ModernMetric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 glass-ceramicssolid materials, predominantly crys-talline in nature, formed by the controlled crystallization ofglasses.
9、3.1.2 modulus of rupture in bendingthe value of maxi-mum tensile or compressive stress (whichever causes failure)in the extreme fiber of a beam loaded to failure in bendingcomputed from the flexure formula:Sb5McI(1)where:M = maximum bending moment, computed from the maxi-mum load and the original mo
10、ment arm,c = initial distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiberwhere failure occurs, andI = initial moment of inertia of the cross section about theneutral axis.3.1.3 prestressedmaterial in which a significant and con-trolled degree of compressive stress has been deliberatelyproduced in the
11、 surfaces.3.1.4 standard laboratory atmospherean atmosphere hav-ing a temperature of 23 6 2C and a relative humidity of 40 610 %.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 onGlass and Glass Products and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04on Physical and Mec
12、hanical Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C158 02 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/C0158-02R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
13、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance
14、 with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
15、This Standard:3.2.1 abradeddescribes a test specimen that has at least aportion of the area of maximum surface tensile stress subjectedto an operationally defined procedure for mechanical abrasion.The severity and uniformity of abrasion should be sufficient toensure origin of failure substantially i
16、n the region of maximumstress.3.2.2 annealed glassdescribes a specimen that shall nothave a temper or degree of residual stress resulting from priorthermal treatment in excess of the following limits whenmeasured polarimetrically (see Annex A1):3.2.2.1 Specimens of rectangular section shall not have
17、 atensile stress at the midplane of more than 1.38-MPa (200-psi)nor more than 2.76-MPa (400-psi) compression at the surface.3.2.2.2 Specimens in rod form may be examined by viewingthrough a diameter at least four diameters from an end. Theapparent central axial tension shall not exceed 0.92 MPa(133
18、psi). Surface compression, if measured on sections cutfrom the rods, shall not exceed 2.76 MPa (400 psi) whenviewed axially.4. Significance and Use4.1 For the purpose of this test, glasses and glass-ceramicsare considered brittle (perfectly elastic) and to have theproperty that fracture normally occ
19、urs at the surface of the testspecimen from the principal tensile stress. The modulus ofrupture is considered a valid measure of the tensile strengthsubject to the considerations discussed below.4.2 It is recognized that the modulus of rupture for a groupof test specimens is influenced by variables
20、associated with thetest procedure. These include the rate of stressing, testenvironment, and the area of the specimen subjected to stress.Such factors are specified in the test procedure or required to bestated in the report.4.3 It is also recognized that the variables having thegreatest effect on t
21、he modulus of rupture value for a group oftest specimens are the condition of the surfaces and glassquality near the surfaces in regard to the number and severityof stress-concentrating discontinuities or flaws, and the degreeof prestress existing in the specimens. Each of these canrepresent an inhe
22、rent part of the strength characteristic beingdetermined or can be a random interfering factor in themeasurement.4.4 Test Method A is designed to include the condition ofthe surface of the specimen as a factor in the measuredstrength. It is, therefore, desirable to subject a fixed andsignificant are
23、a of the surface to the maximum tensile stress.Since the number and severity of surface flaws in glass areprimarily determined by manufacturing and handlingprocesses, this test method is limited to products from whichspecimens of suitable size can be obtained with minimaldependence of measured stren
24、gth upon specimen preparationtechniques. This test method is therefore designated as a testfor modulus of rupture of flat glass.4.5 Test Method B describes a general procedure for test,applicable to specimens of rectangular or elliptical crosssection. This test method is based on the assumption that
25、 acomparative measurement of strength on groups of specimensis of significance for many purposes, such as determining theeffect of environment or stress duration, or the effectiveness ofvaried prestressing techniques or strengths characteristic ofglass-ceramics of differing composition or heat treat
26、ment. Inthis test method the surfaces of the specimens are not assumedto be characteristic of a product or material, but are consideredto be determined by the procedures used to prepare thespecimens. Though the stated procedure permits a wide varia-tion in both specimen size and test geometry, it is
27、 necessary touse identical test conditions and equivalent procedures forspecimen preparation to obtain comparable strength values.The use of a controlled abrasion of the specimen as a finalnormalizing procedure is recommended for such comparativetests.4.6 A comparative abraded strength, determined a
28、s sug-gested in Test Method B, is not to be considered as a minimumvalue characteristic of the material tested nor as directly relatedto a maximum attainable strength value through test ofspecimens with identical flaws. The operationally definedabrasion procedure undoubtedly produces flaws of differ
29、ingseverity when applied to varied materials, and the measuredcomparative strengths describe the relative ability to withstandexternally induced stress as affected by the specific abrasionprocedure.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineThe loading mechanism shall besufficiently adjustable to give the requi
30、red uniform rate ofincrease of stress. The load-measuring system shall be essen-tially free of inertial lag at the loading rates used and shall beequipped with means for retaining indication of the maximumload applied to the specimen. The accuracy of the testingmachine shall conform to the requireme
31、nts of Practice E4.5.2 Bearing EdgesCylindrical bearing edges of approxi-mately 3-mm (18-in.) radius shall be used for the support of thetest specimen and the application of the load. The bearingedges shall be of steel and sufficiently hardened to preventexcessive deformation under load. Two-point l
32、oading testsshall be performed with the loading member pivoted about acentral transverse axis to ensure equal distribution of loadbetween the two bearing edges. For the testing of specimens ofrectangular section, both loading bearing edges and one sup-port bearing edge also shall be provided lateral
33、ly to compen-sate for irregularities of the test specimen. Fig. 1 shows asuitable arrangement using pinned bearing edges. In test ofspecimens of a circular or elliptical section, the fixed cylindri-cal support edges may have a curvature of approximately76 mm (3 in.) in the plane of the bearing edge
34、to stabilize thealignment of the specimens. Such support edges are shown inFig. 2.TEST METHOD ATEST FOR MODULUS OFRUPTURE OF FLAT GLASS6. Test Specimens6.1 Preparation of SpecimensTest specimens shall be cutfrom the sheet stock with a diamond or a cutting wheel. BothC158 02 (2017)2longitudinal cuts
35、shall be on the same original surface and noneof the original edge of the sheet shall be used as a longitudinalside of the specimen. End cuts may be on either surface. Thedirection of cutting of half of the total number of specimensshall be perpendicular to the direction of cutting of theremainder.
36、Specimens that must be cut from sheet stock priorto the use of a prestressing treatment shall have the corners ofthe longitudinal edges rounded to minimize damage to theedges in the prestressing process. All operations shall beperformed with the direction of grind or polish parallel to thelongitudin
37、al axis. The radius of the corner shall not exceed1.6 mm (116 in.).6.2 Size of SpecimensThe specimens shall be approxi-mately 250 mm (10 in.) in length and 38.1 6 3.2 mm (112 618 in.) in width. The variation in width or thickness shall notexceed 5 % from one end to the other.6.3 Number of SpecimensA
38、t least 30 specimens shall beused for one test and shall preferably be taken from severalsheets, or regions of a single sheet.6.4 Examination of SpecimensAny specimen may be re-jected prior to test for observable defects considered likely toaffect the modulus of rupture. To be considered representat
39、iveof annealed glass the specimens must meet the requirement of3.2.2. At least 30 % of the specimens shall be examined forresidual stress. If any of these fail to meet the requirement, theremainder of the specimens shall be examined and thoseexceeding the stated limit shall be rejected.6.5 Float Gla
40、ssThe surface of float glass in contact withtin has been found to be lower in strength (1) as compared tothe “air” surface. For comparative tests, therefore, surfaceorientation should be kept constant.7. Procedure7.1 Space the supporting edges of the test fixture 200 mm(8.00 in.) apart and centrally
41、 position the loading edges with aseparation of 100 mm (4.00 in.). Break specimens having cutedges with the cutter marks on the face under compression.Carefully place each specimen in the test fixture to minimizepossible damage and to ensure alignment of specimen in thefixture. The permissible maxim
42、um fiber stress due to initialload on the specimen shall not exceed 25 % of the meanmodulus of rupture. Load the specimen at a constant rate tofailure. For annealed glass the rate of loading shall correspondto a rate of increase of maximum stress of 1.1 6 0.2 MPa/s(10 000 6 2000 psi/min). Test prest
43、ressed glasses with theincrease of maximum stress per minute between 80 and 120 %of the modulus of rupture. The first six specimens of the groupmay be tested at a loading rate based on an estimate of themodulus of rupture and the average value for these specimensused to correct this estimate. If ran
44、ge of width and thicknessFIG. 1 Pinned Bearing EdgesFIG. 2 Fixed Cylindrical Support EdgesC158 02 (2017)3variation in the specimens is less than 5 %, the mean valuesmay be used to represent all specimens for the purpose ofcalculation of rate of loading.7.2 Determine the thickness and width of each s
45、pecimen to61 %. To avoid damage from gaging in the critical area, takemeasurements prior to testing near each end with a separationequal to the support span, and average the values. Measure-ments following test shall be in the uniformly stressed regionof the specimen.7.3 Determine the location of po
46、int of failure and note it asedge or face origin. Plastic or other tape of low elastic modulusmay be used on the compressive surface to contain thefragmentation and allow observation of point of failure forhighly prestressed specimens. Report all values, althoughsegregation of edge break values is p
47、ermitted.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture, initial maximum fiberstress, and rate of increase of stress as follows:8.1.1 Modulus of rupture:S 53 Labd2(2)8.1.2 Maximum stress due to initial load if present:S053 L0abd2(3)8.1.3 Rate of increase of maximum stress:R 53abd23Lt(4)R 5 S 2S0
48、twhere:S = modulus of rupture, MPa (psi),S0= maximum fiber stress due to initial load if present,MPa (psi),R = rate of increase of maximum fiber stress, MPa/s(psi/min),L = breaking load including initial load, N (lbf),L0= initial load, N (lbf),a = moment arm or distance between adjacent supportand l
49、oading edges, mm (in.),b = width of specimen, mm (in.),d = thickness of specimen, mm (in.),t = time from start of continuous loading to rupture, s(min), andL/t = rate of increase of load, N/s (lbf/min).9. Report9.1 Report the following:9.1.1 Test method used,9.1.2 Identification of the glass tested, including any specialtreatment (for specimens derived from manufacturing pro-cesses that are asymmetric in nature; for example, the floatprocess, the side of the sheet placed in tension during test shallbe identified, if possible),9.1.3 Classification as annealed
