1、Designation: C16 03 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forLoad Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes whensubjected
3、 to a specified compressive load at a specifiedtemperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 T
4、his standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docume
5、nts2.1 ASTM Standards:2C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimensby CastingE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or ElectricallyFired); Lever-Load Type Furnace33. Significance and Use3.1 T
6、he ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribedloads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition,refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature;and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change whensubjec
7、ted to significant loading at elevated temperatures isclearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected tothis test method. The test method is normally run at sufficientlyhigh temperature to allow some liquids to form within the testbrick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The resu
8、ltis usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to theapplied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicularto the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.Since the test provides easily measurable changes indimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the testme
9、thod has been long used to determine refractory quality. Thetest method has often been used in the establishment of writtenspecifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless meansare prov
10、ided to protect the specimens.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace anda loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.44.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-ture is substantially uniform in all parts
11、of the furnace. Thetemperature as measured at any point on the surface of the testspecimens shall not differ by more than 10F (5.5C) duringthe holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above2370F (1300C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary toinstall and adjust baffles within the furnac
12、e. A minimum of twoburners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in followingthe low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly forsilica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one tosupply heat for low temperatures and another for the highertemperatures.4.2 The temperature shall
13、be measured either withcalibrated5,6,7platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples,each encased in a protection tube with the junction not more1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.Current edition approv
14、ed Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C16 03(2008). DOI:10.1520/C0016-03R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStand
15、ards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJC0016. Original adjunct produced in 1969 .4Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 areavailable from ASTM Inter
16、national. Request ADJC0016.5Test Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.6The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-couples.7All temperatures specified in this
17、test conform to the International PracticalTemperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,1969, pp. 3544.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1than 1 in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or
18、 edge of eachspecimen or with a calibrated5,6,7pyrometer. A recording formof temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the faceof the specimens and in the same relative positions as thosespecified for the thermocouples.5. Test
19、Specimen5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9by 412 by 212 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straightrefractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from largerrefractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing planesurfaces.5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen sha
20、ll be ground sothat they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, fourobservations being made on each dimension (length, width,and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be r
21、ecorded, and thecross section calculated.6. Setting the Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position inthe furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincideswith the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 andFig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some
22、 highly refractorymaterial, neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansionor contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between thespecimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highlyrefractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chromeSI Equivalentsin. mm18 46024 610NOTE 1Dimensio
23、ns are in inches.FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test FurnaceC16 03 (2012)2ore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-m) ASTMsieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At thetop of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractorymaterial should be placed, extending through the furnace
24、 top toreceive the load.NOTE 1Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device areshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between thoseshown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will bedetermined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness ofrefractory wa
25、ll etc. The framework for either the direct loading or levertype are shown in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnaceconstruction can easily be made. The use of a flue system with eitherdesign is optional.NOTE 2Gross errors which may more than double the deformationwill result if the spec
26、imen is not set perpendicular to the base of thesupport or if the load is applied eccentrically.7. Procedure7.1 LoadingCalculate the gross load to be appliedthroughout the test from the average cross section of theoriginal specimen as determined in 5.3. Apply a load of 25 psi(172 kPa), before heatin
27、g is started. When testing specimensthat are likely to fail by shear, make provision so that theloading mechanism cannot drop more than12 in. (13 mm)when failure occurs.7.2 HeatingThe rate of heating shall be in accordancewith the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperatureshall not vary mor
28、e than 620F (11C) from the specifiedtemperature.7.3 Furnace AtmosphereAbove a temperature of 1470F(800C) the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible.7.4
29、 Completion of Test and Report7.4.1 Include in the report the designation of the specimenstested (manufacturer, brand, description, etc.). Note, ifapplicable, specimen preparation procedures, character of thefaces (cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and pretreatments(curing, firing, coking, et
30、c.).7.4.2 When a shear test is completed by failure of thespecimens, report the temperature of shear. At the expiration ofa test that does not involve shearing of the specimens, allow thefurnace to cool by radiation to 1830F (1000C) or lowerbefore the load is removed and the specimens are examined.A
31、fter cooling the test specimens to room temperature, re-measure them for length in accordance with 5.3. Calculate andNOTE 1Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test FurnaceC16 03 (2012)3report the average percent deformation, based on the originallength, as
32、the average value of the two specimens.NOTE 3It is recommended that a photograph be made of thespecimens before and after testing to provide useful information.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data:8.1.1 Results of a round-robin test between six laboratoriesrunning two replicates each o
33、f a lot of super-duty fireclay brickand a lot of 70 % Al2O3brick (N = 24) using Schedule 3 wereevaluated to develop precision and bias statements.8.1.2 Using 95 % confidence limits, the differences andinteractions between laboratories were found to be not signifi-cant. The interaction sum of squares
34、 was pooled with theresidual error to calculate the within-laboratory variance:Grand mean = 3.19 % subsidenceStandard deviation within laboratories = 60.915 %Standard deviation between laboratories = 60.629 %TABLE 1 Time-Temperature Schedules for Heating the Test Furnace All temperatures shall be ma
35、intained within 20F (11C) during theheat-up schedule and 10F (5.5C) during the holding period.Elapsed Time fromStart of HeatingSchedule 1,2370F HoldSchedule 2,2460F HoldSchedule 3,2640F HoldSchedule 4,Silica Brick,Test to FailureSchedule 5, Testto FailureSchedule 6,2900F HoldSchedule 7,3000F Holdh m
36、in F C F C F C F C F C F C F C1 0 930 500 930 500 1040 560 245 120 1330 720 1330 720 1330 72015 1105 595 1150 620 1255 680 310 155 1490 810 1490 810 1490 81030 1265 685 1330 720 1470 800 380 195 1650 900 1650 900 1650 90045 1420 770 1500 815 1650 900 450 230 1780 970 1780 970 1780 9702 0 1560 850 16
37、50 900 1815 990 535 280 1910 1045 1910 1045 1910 104515 1690 920 1795 980 1960 1070 630 330 2005 1095 2005 1095 2005 109530 1815 990 1915 1045 2085 1140 775 415 2100 1150 2100 1150 2100 115045 1920 1050 2010 1100 2190 1200 1025 550 2180 1195 2180 1195 2180 11953 0 2010 1100 2100 1150 2280 1250 1275
38、690 2260 1240 2260 1240 2260 124015 2095 1145 2185 1195 2355 1290 1525 830 2315 1270 2315 1270 2315 127030 2165 1185 2255 1235 2425 1330 1750 955 2370 1300 2370 1300 2370 130045 2230 1220 2320 1270 2500 1370 1990 1090 2415 1325 2415 1325 2415 13254 0 2280 1250 2370 1300 2550 1400 2200 1205 2460 1350
39、 2460 1350 2460 135015 2325 1275 2425 1330 2605 1430 2400 1315 Continue at 180F 2505 1375 2505 137530 2370 1300 2460 1350 2640 1450 2550 1400 (100C)/h 2550 1400 2550 140045 Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 min 2660 1460 to failure 2595 1425 2595 14255 0 . . . . . . . . . 2700 1480 . . . 2
40、640 1450 2640 1450153045Continue at 100F(55C)/hto failure268527302775147515001525268527302775147515001525601530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28202865290015501575159528202865291015501575160045 Hold for 90 min 2955 16257015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000 165030 Hold for 90 minTotal time 45 6 h 6 h
41、6 h 8 h to 3000F(1650C)8 h to 3180F(1750C)8h 812 hTABLE 2 Critical DifferencesNumber ofObservationsin AverageCritical Difference as Percentof Grand AverageWithin OneLaboratoryBetweenLaboratories1 79.6 96.52 56.3 78.44 39.8 67.66 32.5 63.68 28.1 61.510 25.2 60.2100 8.0 55.2C16 03 (2012)4Coefficient o
42、f variation within laboratories = 628.7 %Coefficient of variation between laboratories = 619.7 %8.2 Precision:8.2.1 Critical differences were calculated from the coeffi-cients of variation to normalize for the variation in means forthe two brick types (x = 5.43 % subsidence for super-duty brickand 0
43、.939 % subsidence for 70 % Al2O3brick). Thus, for the95 % confidence level and t = 1.96, the critical differences areas specified in Table 2.8.2.2 The user is cautioned that other test temperatures, testschedules, and specimens of different compositions may yieldgreater or less precision than given
44、above.8.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true value of hot compressive load deformation cannot beestablished.9. Keywords9.1 compressive load; deformation resistance; high tem-perature; refractory brick; refractory shapesASTM International takes no position respecting the v
45、alidity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is s
46、ubject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headq
47、uarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This stan
48、dard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C16 03 (2012)5
