1、Designation: C16 03 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Test Method forLoad Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFootnote 3 was updated editorially in November 2017.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance
3、to deformation or shear of refractory shapes whensubjected to a specified compressive load at a specifiedtemperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided
4、 for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the
5、 applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issue
6、d by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimensby CastingE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Direct-Load Type Furna
7、ce (Oil or Gas Fired, or ElectricallyFired); Lever-Load Type Furnace33. Significance and Use3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribedloads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition,refractory shapes must resist c
8、hange due to high temperature;and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change whensubjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures isclearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected tothis test method. The test method is normally run at sufficientlyhigh temperature to allo
9、w some liquids to form within the testbrick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The resultis usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to theapplied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicularto the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.Since the test prov
10、ides easily measurable changes indimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the testmethod has been long used to determine refractory quality. Thetest method has often been used in the establishment of writtenspecifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not appli
11、cable for refractory mate-rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless meansare provided to protect the specimens.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace anda loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.44.1.1
12、 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. Thetemperature as measured at any point on the surface of the testspecimens shall not differ by more than 10F (5.5C) duringthe holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above2370
13、F (1300C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary toinstall and adjust baffles within the furnace. A minimum of twoburners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in followingthe low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly forsilica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one tos
14、upply heat for low temperatures and another for the highertemperatures.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of C08.01 on Strength.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1917. L
15、ast previous edition approved in 2008 as C16 03 (2008). DOI:10.1520/C0016-03R12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
16、ge onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJC0016-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 1969; digitized in 2017.4Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 areavailable from ASTM International. Request ADJC0016.Copyright ASTM I
17、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standar
18、ds, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.2 The temperature shall be measured either withcalibrated5,6,7platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples,each encased in a protection tube with the junction not morethan 1 in. (25 mm
19、) from the center of the side or edge of eachspecimen or with a calibrated5,6,7pyrometer. A recording formof temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-eter is used, observations shall be made by sighting on the faceof the specimens and in the same relative positions as thosespecifie
20、d for the thermocouples.5. Test Specimen5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9by 412 by 212 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straightrefractory brick, or specimens of this size cut from largerrefractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing planesurfaces.5.2 If necessa
21、ry, the ends of the specimen shall be ground sothat they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, fourobservations being made on each dimension (length, width,and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.5Test Metho
22、d E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.6The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-couples.7All temperatures specified in this test conform to the International Prac
23、ticalTemperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,1969, pp. 3544.SI Equivalentsin. mm18 46024 610NOTE 1Dimensions are in inches.FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test FurnaceC16 03 (2012)12(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and thecross section calculated.6.
24、Setting the Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position inthe furnace so that the center line of the applied load coincideswith the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 andFig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractorymaterial, neutral to the s
25、pecimen, having a minimum expansionor contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between thespecimen and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highlyrefractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chromeore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-m) ASTMsieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyle
26、r Standard Series). At thetop of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractorymaterial should be placed, extending through the furnace top toreceive the load.NOTE 1Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device areshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between thoses
27、hown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will bedetermined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness ofrefractory wall etc. The framework for either the direct loading or levertype are shown in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnaceconstruction can easily be ma
28、de. The use of a flue system with eitherdesign is optional.NOTE 2Gross errors which may more than double the deformationwill result if the specimen is not set perpendicular to the base of thesupport or if the load is applied eccentrically.7. Procedure7.1 LoadingCalculate the gross load to be applied
29、throughout the test from the average cross section of theoriginal specimen as determined in 5.3. Apply a load of 25 psi(172 kPa), before heating is started. When testing specimensthat are likely to fail by shear, make provision so that theloading mechanism cannot drop more than12 in. (13 mm)when fai
30、lure occurs.7.2 HeatingThe rate of heating shall be in accordancewith the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperatureshall not vary more than 620F (11C) from the specifiedtemperature.7.3 Furnace AtmosphereAbove a temperature of 1470F(800C) the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of0.5
31、 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible.7.4 Completion of Test and Report7.4.1 Include in the report the designation of the specimenstested (manufacturer, brand, description, etc.). Note, ifapplicable
32、, specimen preparation procedures, character of thefaces (cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and pretreatments(curing, firing, coking, etc.).NOTE 1Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test FurnaceC16 03 (2012)137.4.2 When a shear test is completed by f
33、ailure of thespecimens, report the temperature of shear. At the expiration ofa test that does not involve shearing of the specimens, allow thefurnace to cool by radiation to 1830F (1000C) or lowerbefore the load is removed and the specimens are examined.After cooling the test specimens to room tempe
34、rature, re-measure them for length in accordance with 5.3. Calculate andreport the average percent deformation, based on the originallength, as the average value of the two specimens.NOTE 3It is recommended that a photograph be made of thespecimens before and after testing to provide useful informat
35、ion.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data:8.1.1 Results of a round-robin test between six laboratoriesrunning two replicates each of a lot of super-duty fireclay brickand a lot of 70 % Al2O3brick (N = 24) using Schedule 3 wereevaluated to develop precision and bias statements.TABLE 1 Ti
36、me-Temperature Schedules for Heating the Test Furnace All temperatures shall be maintained within 20F (11C) during theheat-up schedule and 10F (5.5C) during the holding period.Elapsed Time fromStart of HeatingSchedule 1,2370F HoldSchedule 2,2460F HoldSchedule 3,2640F HoldSchedule 4,Silica Brick,Test
37、 to FailureSchedule 5, Testto FailureSchedule 6,2900F HoldSchedule 7,3000F Holdh min F C F C F C F C F C F C F C1 0 930 500 930 500 1040 560 245 120 1330 720 1330 720 1330 72015 1105 595 1150 620 1255 680 310 155 1490 810 1490 810 1490 81030 1265 685 1330 720 1470 800 380 195 1650 900 1650 900 1650
38、90045 1420 770 1500 815 1650 900 450 230 1780 970 1780 970 1780 9702 0 1560 850 1650 900 1815 990 535 280 1910 1045 1910 1045 1910 104515 1690 920 1795 980 1960 1070 630 330 2005 1095 2005 1095 2005 109530 1815 990 1915 1045 2085 1140 775 415 2100 1150 2100 1150 2100 115045 1920 1050 2010 1100 2190
39、1200 1025 550 2180 1195 2180 1195 2180 11953 0 2010 1100 2100 1150 2280 1250 1275 690 2260 1240 2260 1240 2260 124015 2095 1145 2185 1195 2355 1290 1525 830 2315 1270 2315 1270 2315 127030 2165 1185 2255 1235 2425 1330 1750 955 2370 1300 2370 1300 2370 130045 2230 1220 2320 1270 2500 1370 1990 1090
40、2415 1325 2415 1325 2415 13254 0 2280 1250 2370 1300 2550 1400 2200 1205 2460 1350 2460 1350 2460 135015 2325 1275 2425 1330 2605 1430 2400 1315 Continue at 180F 2505 1375 2505 137530 2370 1300 2460 1350 2640 1450 2550 1400 (100C)/h 2550 1400 2550 140045 Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 m
41、in 2660 1460 to failure 2595 1425 2595 14255 0 . . . . . . . . . 2700 1480 . . . 2640 1450 2640 1450153045Continue at 100F(55C)/hto failure268527302775147515001525268527302775147515001525601530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28202865290015501575159528202865291015501575160045 Hold for 90 min 2955 16257
42、015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000 165030 Hold for 90 minTotal time 45 6 h 6 h 6 h 8 h to 3000F(1650C)8 h to 3180F(1750C)8h 812 hTABLE 2 Critical DifferencesNumber ofObservationsin AverageCritical Difference as Percentof Grand AverageWithin OneLaboratoryBetweenLaboratories1 79.6 96.52 56.3 78.44
43、39.8 67.66 32.5 63.68 28.1 61.510 25.2 60.2100 8.0 55.2C16 03 (2012)148.1.2 Using 95 % confidence limits, the differences andinteractions between laboratories were found to be not signifi-cant. The interaction sum of squares was pooled with theresidual error to calculate the within-laboratory varian
44、ce:Grand mean = 3.19 % subsidenceStandard deviation within laboratories = 60.915 %Standard deviation between laboratories = 60.629 %Coefficient of variation within laboratories = 628.7 %Coefficient of variation between laboratories = 619.7 %8.2 Precision:8.2.1 Critical differences were calculated fr
45、om the coeffi-cients of variation to normalize for the variation in means forthe two brick types (x = 5.43 % subsidence for super-duty brickand 0.939 % subsidence for 70 % Al2O3brick). Thus, for the95 % confidence level and t = 1.96, the critical differences areas specified in Table 2.8.2.2 The user
46、 is cautioned that other test temperatures, testschedules, and specimens of different compositions may yieldgreater or less precision than given above.8.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true value of hot compressive load deformation cannot beestablished.9. Keywords9.1 comp
47、ressive load; deformation resistance; high tem-perature; refractory brick; refractory shapesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinatio
48、n of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdra
49、wn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
