1、Designation: C 1601 09Standard Test Method forField Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry WallSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field determination of waterpenetration of a masonry wall surface under specific water fl
3、owrate and air pressure conditions. This test is intended for use onany masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumentedand tested within the requirements of this standard.1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results arenot directly comparable with the laboratory standard TestMetho
4、d E 514.1.3 Surface penetration, as determined by this test method,is defined as the amount of water passing through the wallsurface exposed to testing per unit time per unit area. Thisproperty is not directly comparable to overall water penetrationand leakage, which are typically defined as the amo
5、unt of watertravelling completely through a masonry system.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard may invo
6、lve hazardous materials, opera-tions, or equipment. This standard does not purport to addressall of the safety problems associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
7、imitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1232 Terminology of MasonryE 514 Test Method for Water Penetration and LeakageThrough Masonry3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C 1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This non-destru
8、ctive test method contains proceduresand equipment requirements to quantitatively determine thesurface penetration of water at a single location on a masonrywall. It is not designed to determine the overall water penetra-tion and leakage of a masonry system.4.2 Excessive water penetration of masonry
9、 may degrademasonry wall performance with respect to thermal conductiv-ity, durability, efflorescence, staining, corrosion of embeddedmetal items, and water leakage.4.3 This test may be used to evaluate masonry walls in-situor for field mock-up testing. Common applications of thismethod have been co
10、mparison of water penetration rates ofwalls before and after repairs, and testing the efficacy ofcoatings. Alternative procedures are also provided to simulatethe effect of local climatology on water penetration of masonrywall surfaces.4.4 The outer surface of all masonry walls will experiencewater
11、penetration when subjected to wind-driven rain. Theresistance to water penetration is dependent on materials,workmanship, design, and maintenance. Some wall typesaccommodate large volumes of water penetration, withoutdeleterious effects, through the presence of properly designedand installed drainag
12、e systems including flashing and weepholes. Use of this standard without consideration of the overallwall system may lead to incorrect conclusions regardingperformance.4.5 It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. Insome ca
13、ses, due to the surface texture of the masonry, theapplication of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water willnot consistently form. In those cases, results of this test methodwill likely be inaccurate.4.6 This test method is similar to but distinct from thelaboratory Test Method E 514. This f
14、ield test method isdesigned to test in-situ walls. E 514 laboratory test method isdesigned to test laboratory wall specimens. This test methoddetermines water penetration of the masonry at its surface. TestMethod E 514 measures the water that has penetrated into andthrough the masonry specimen and i
15、s collected. Direct com-parison of results from this test method and Test Method E 514are inappropriate.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved June 1, 2
16、009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 1601 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standa
17、rds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to thatshown in Fig
18、. 1. Provide a rectangular opening with aminimum area of 12 ft2(1.08 m2) with a minimum dimensionof 24 in. (0.6 m) for each side of the opening (Note 1). Seal thecontact surface between the frame of the chamber and the testarea to prevent loss of water and maintain air pressure. Coverthe face of the
19、 chamber with a tough, transparent materialcapable of withstanding the test pressure (Note 2). Provide a34-in. (19-mm) diameter, corrosion-resistant, water spray pipewith a single line of 0.04-in. (1.0-mm) diameter holes spaced 1in. (25 mm) apart, starting within 1 in. (25 mm) of each end(Note 3). P
20、osition the water spray pipe within the chamber sothat the water impinges the wall perpendicular to the wall notmore than 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the interior top of the testchamber.NOTE 1A size of 36 in. (0.9 m) wide and 48 in. (1.2 m) high iscommon.NOTE 2Transparent plastic sheets316 to14 inch (5 to
21、 6 mm) thickhave been shown to perform well. Plexiglast and Lexant are twoproducts that have been used.NOTE 3Clean-outs at the end of the spray bar to facilitate cleaning thespray bar are common.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber include an air line wit
22、h manom-eter or pressure gauge able to read air pressure to within 0.50lb/ft2(24 Pa), a water line with valves, a flow meter in thewater supply line able to read flow within 0.02 gpm (4.5 L/h),and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. The wateris stored in a calibrated reservoir with a mi
23、nimum volume of 3gal. (13 L), with graduations to allow readings within 0.015 gal(0.055 L) (Note 4). Pump water from the reservoir to the spraybar. Return water which drains from the bottom of the chamberdirectly to the reservoir.NOTE 4Use of a cylindrical reservoir having dimensions of approxi-mate
24、ly 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) in diameter by 5 ft. (1.5 m) or talleris common.5.3 Other equipment includes devices for handling andmounting the chamber and measuring time, water quantities,and ambient temperature.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method requires careful design ofboth air chamber
25、 and support of the wall system to avoidpossible injury due to equipment or masonry failure. Assurethat the chamber and its attachment to the wall are adequate forthe applied pressures during testing.6.2 Water penetration resulting from this test can causesaturation of adjacent materials and leakage
26、 into occupiedspaces of the buildings. Take into consideration the effects ofpotential water infiltration and leakage.7. Procedure7.1 Mounting ChamberAttach the test chamber with me-chanical fasteners using sufficient pressure to form an air- andwater-resistant seal (Note 5).NOTE 5Use of a gasket or
27、 sealant at the contact surface is common.FIG. 1 Water Surface Penetration Test SystemC16010927.2 SealingIf needed, apply a perimeter sealant betweenthe chamber and wall surface to ensure that leakage does notoccur at the interface. Allow the sealant to cure sufficiently toensure adequate bond and w
28、ater resistance.7.3 Standard Test ConditionsPerform this test using awater flow rate of 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) and an air pressureof 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). The test duration shall be not less than 4h after the preconditioning period.7.3.1 Application of Air Pressure and Water FlowAdjustthe water flo
29、w rate to 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) times the areaof the chamber opening. Simultaneously, increase the airpressure within the chamber to 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). Check forleakage from the perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs,stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.7.3.2 PreconditioningMa
30、intain the water flow rate andpressure specified in 7.3 for 30 min prior to starting the test.7.4 During the test, note the flow pattern of the water overthe masonry surface. If a complete sheet of water is observed,report it as “sheet flow”. If the water runs down the surface inpatterned or random
31、rivuleted streams or in any other mannerthat leaves portions of the wall surface un-wetted, report it as“incomplete sheet flow” and document the pattern of flow withsketches drawn to scale. Monitor the water flow pattern duringthe testing and report any changes.NOTE 6It is the intent of this standar
32、d that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. In somecases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, the application of acoating, or other factors, a sheet of water will not consistently form. Inthose cases, results of this test method will likely be inaccu
33、rate.7.5 Alternate Test ConditionsSpecial condition testingspecified to model different water flow rates or chamber airpressures are acceptable. Procedures for specifying the testingparameters using local climatological data are provided in 7.5.1and 7.5.2.7.5.1 Testing Parameter Determination Using
34、LocalWeather DataThis procedure utilizes local weather data(wind speeds and rainfall intensity) to produce testing param-eters (water flow rate, air pressure, and duration of test) forwater chamber testing of vertical surfaces. The conversion isaccomplished using a numerical approach. The weather da
35、tacan be obtained from various sources, including the NationalClimatological Data Center. This procedure does not addressthe methods used to select weather data nor does it address thesignificance of using those data in chamber testing.7.5.2 Water Flow Rates and Air Pressures7.5.2.1 Determine the an
36、gle of rainfall, u, for each timeperiod using wind speed, rainfall intensity, and interpolatingusing values in Table 1.Atime period is the length of time overwhich the water and air pressures are held constant. A test mayconsist of one or more time periods.7.5.2.2 Calculate water flow rate for each
37、period using:Q05 0.0104 I tanu A (1)where:Q0= water flow rate (gpm)I = rainfall intensity (in/h)u = rainfall angle, measured from vertical (degrees)A = area of test chamber opening (ft2)The flow rate, Q0, shall not be less than that required toproduce streams of water from the spray bar which impact
38、 thesurface of the test area.7.5.2.3 Determine the air pressure for each period:P05 0.00256V2(2)where:P0= air pressure (lb/ft2)V = wind speed (mph)7.5.3 Duration of Test7.5.3.1 Real-Time Tests: Use the time duration of theweather data to be simulated, water flow rates and air pressuresfor each perio
39、d within the duration as determined in 7.5.2.2 and7.5.2.3.7.5.3.2 Compressed Time Tests: Use shorter time periodsthan actual weather data and modified water flow rates and airpressures based on the shortened periods. Determine the flowrate for each period using:Q 5 Q0D0D(3)where:Q = water flow rate
40、(gpm)Q0= the water flow rate from Eq 1 (gpm)D = the duration to be used for the test (h)D0= the duration of weather data to be simulated (h)Determine air pressure for each period using:P 5 P0 SD0DD2(4)TABLE 1 Angle of Rainfall, u, in Degrees Measured from Vertical, for Selected Wind Speeds and Rainf
41、all IntensitiesWindSpeed, V(mph)Rainfall Intensity, / (in/h)0.01 0.04 0.16 0.60 1.60 4.00 10.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01.5 41.3 19.2 9.9 7.2 5.5 4.2 3.93 60.8 34.6 19.3 14.2 10.8 8.4 7.85 71.7 48.8 30.1 22.9 17.6 13.9 12.97.5 77.7 59.7 40.9 32.2 25.4 20.3 18.910 80.9 66.6 49.2 40.1 32.3 26.3 24
42、.515 83.8 73.6 59.7 51.2 43.2 36.3 34.220 85.4 77.7 66.6 59.1 51.5 44.4 42.225 86.4 80.2 71.0 64.6 57.6 50.9 48.635 87.4 82.9 76.0 71.0 65.3 59.5 57.550 88.1 85.0 80.0 76.4 72.1 67.5 65.875 88.8 86.6 83.3 80.7 77.7 74.4 73.2C1601093where:P = air pressure (lb/ft2)P0= the air pressure from Eq 2 (lb/ft
43、2)7.5.3.2.1 The test pressure, P, shall not exceed that capacityof the chamber and its anchorage to the wall.7.5.3.3 For tests involving multiple compressed time peri-ods, maintain the same number of periods for the compressedtest as for the weather data to be simulated.7.5.3.4 Check for leakage fro
44、m the perimeter of the cham-ber. If leakage occurs, stop the test, reseal, and re-start theprocedure.8. Record of ObservationsMake observations and measurements during the pre-conditioning and each test period as follows:8.1 Record the initial water flow rate, air pressure within thechamber, and wat
45、er level within the reservoir at the beginningof the test after the specified preconditioning period.8.2 Report the water flow pattern as described in 7.4.8.3 Record the water level in the reservoir, air pressure, andwater flow rate at the beginning of, at the end of, and at5-minute (maximum) interv
46、als throughout each test period.8.4 Record the amount and time at which water is added toreplenish the reservoir. Simultaneously, record the new waterlevel with each addition of water to the reservoir.8.5 Note and photograph visible lateral and vertical migra-tion of dampness outside the chamber. No
47、te leakage fromadjacent areas. Note signs of interior moisture or leakagewhere accessible. Note any interruptions in testing includinglength of time and reason.9. Calculations9.1 Calculate water loss, to the nearest 0.025 gal (0.1 L),from the reservoir at each recorded time interval.9.2 Plot the los
48、s of water versus time.9.3 Calculate surface penetration in gal/ft2/hr (L/m2/hr) foreach period of testing by performing a linear regression fitusing all data for that period versus time and dividing the rateof water loss by the area of the chamber opening.10. ReportReport the following:10.1 The pro
49、ject name and address of the building;10.2 Date, time, and temperature during the test;10.3 Dates and results of previous tests of same area, ifapplicable;10.4 Name(s) and address(es) of individual(s) performingthe test;10.5 Description of the construction of the area testedincluding surface coatings, masonry type, wall assembly struc-tural system, condition of the masonry surface (see Note 7),chamber location including elevation, floor level and positionrelative to wall ends or openings in the structure, and repairsperformed prior to each test;NOTE 7Examples of m
