1、Designation: C 1615 05Standard Guide forMechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot CellFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide generalguidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, i
3、nstal-lation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systemsused in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanicaldrive systems used herein, encompasses all individual compo-nents used for imparting motion to equipment systems, sub-systems, assemblies, and other components. It also includ
4、escomplete positioning systems and individual units that providemotive power and any position indicators necessary to monitorthe motion.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equip-ment used under one or more of the following conditions:1.2.1.1 The materials handled or
5、 processed constitute asignificant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), butequipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is notexcluded.1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be
6、 accessed directly forpurposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipmentbe viewed directly, for example, without radiation shieldingwindows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is themetric unit, also known as SI Units, which are comm
7、only usedfor International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10Standard for Use of International System of Units.1.3 User Caveats:1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineer-ing skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is toprovide guidance.1.3.1.1 The guidance set f
8、orth in this standard relating todesign of equipment is intended only to alert designers andengineers to those features, conditions, and procedures thathave been found necessary or highly desirable to the design,selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drivesystems for the subject service
9、conditions.1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries ofconditions, practices, features, or lack of features that werefound to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, orcauses of failure.1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or stateregulations, or both, and codes ap
10、plicable to equipment underany conditions.1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices, and determine the applica-bility of regula
11、tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Industry and National Consensus StandardsNationally recognized industry and consensus standards whichmay be applicable in whole or in part to the design, selection,quality insurance, installation, operation, and maintenance ofequipment are ref
12、erenced throughout this standard and includethe following:2.2 ASTM Standards:2ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of UnitsC 859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC 1533 Standard Guide for General Design Considerationsfor Hot Cell EquipmentC 1554 Materials Handling Equi
13、pment for Hot CellsC 1572 Standard Guide for Dry Lead Glass and Oil-FilledLead Glass Radiation Shielding Window Components forRemotely Operated FacilitiesE 170 Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Mea-surement and Dosimetry2.3 Other Standards:NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators3AGMA 390.0 American
14、Gear Manufacturers Association,Gear Handbook41This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on RemoteSystems. Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published February 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
15、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NEMA, 1300 N. 17thStreet, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.4Available from AGMA, 5
16、00 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, VA22314-1581.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Material HandlingFacilities and Equipment, ISBN # 0-89448-554-75ASME B17.1 Keys and Keyseats6
17、NLGI American Standard Classification of LubricatingGrease7ASME NOG-1 American Society of Mechanical EngineersCommittee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities Rules forConstruction of Overhead and Gantry Cranes6ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements forNuclear Facility Applications8ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9
18、001 Quality Management Standard Re-quirements8NCRP Report No. 82, SI Units in Radiation Protection andMeasurements9ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation10CERN 70-5 Effects of Radiation on Materials and Compo-nents112.4 Federal Standards and Regulations:1240CFR 260-279 Solid Waste Regulatio
19、ns Resource Con-servation and Recovery Act (RCRA)10CFR 830.120, Subpart A, Nuclear Safety ManagementQuality Assurance Requirements3. Terminology3.1 General Considerations:3.1.1 The terminology employed in this standard conformswith industry practice insofar as practicable.3.1.2 For definitions of ge
20、neral terms used to describenuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer toTerminology, ASTM C 859, and ASTM E 170.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 absorbed dosethe quotient of the mean energy (E)imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass (M). The SIunit for absorbed dose is the gray, defi
21、ned as 1 joule/kg and isequivalent to 100 rads. NCRP-82 E 1703.2.2 activityactivity is the measure of the rate of spon-taneous nuclear transformations of a radioactive material. TheSI unit for activity is the becquerel, defined as 1 transformationper second. The original unit for activity was the cu
22、rie (Ci),defined as 3.7 3 1010transformations per second. NCRP-823.2.3 alphasee radiation3.2.4 becquerel (Bq)see activity3.2.5 betasee radiation3.2.6 dose equivalentrepresents a quantity used for radia-tion protection purposes that expresses on a common scale, thedose from all types of radiation. Do
23、se equivalent is the productof absorbed dose (D), a quality factor that normalizes theeffects between different radiation types (Q) and other modi-fying factors (N). The specialized unit for dose equivalent isthe rem. The quality factors are specified by the InternationalCommission on Radiological U
24、nits and Measurements fordifferent types of radiation and organ exposures. The SI unit fordose equivalent is the sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem.Human exposure is often expressed in terms of microsieverts(Sv), 1 3 10-6sieverts, or in terms of millirem (mrem), 1 310-3rem. 10 Sv is equal to 1
25、mrem. NCRP-82 ICRU 10b3.2.7 encodersfor the purpose of this standard, are mea-suring devices that detect changes in rotary or linear motion,direction of movement, and relative position by producingelectrical signals using sensors and an optical disk.3.2.8 gammasee radiation3.2.9 gray (Gy)see absorbe
26、d dose3.2.10 hot cellan isolated shielded room that provides acontrolled environment for containing radioactive material andequipment. The radiation levels within a hot cell are typically1 Gy/hr (100 rads per hour) or higher.3.2.11 inert gasa type of commercial grade moisture freegas, usually argon
27、or nitrogen that is present in the hot cell.3.2.12 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)atransducer for linear displacement measurement that convertsmechanical motion into an electrical signal that can be me-tered, recorded, or transmitted.3.2.13 master-slave manipulatora device used to re
28、-motely handle radioactively contaminated items, or nuclearmaterial in a hot cell. The uncontaminated or “clean” portion ofthe manipulator is called the “master” and the contaminatedportion of the manipulator or follower is called the “slave”.Mechanical master-slave manipulators are mounted throught
29、he wall of the hot cell or pass through the ceiling. C 15543.2.14 mechanical drive systemsrefers to but is not lim-ited to motors, gears, resolvers, encoders, bearings, couplings,bushings, lubricants, solenoids, shafts, pneumatic cylinders,and lead screws.3.2.15 mock-up facilityan area designed to s
30、imulate thehandling conditions found in a hot cell facility. Mock-upfacilities are generally equipped with master-slave manipula-tors, overhead cranes, and simulated radiation shielding win-dows. A mock-up area may be a permanent part of a facility ormay be a temporary setup.3.2.16 moderatormaterial
31、s that slow down fast neutronsvia collisions between the neutron and an atomic nucleus. Anucleus effectiveness as a moderator increases as the mass ofthe nucleus approaches the mass of the neutron. Thus, hydro-gen is the most effective moderator, and other nuclei moderateneutrons with decreasing eff
32、ectiveness as their mass increases.Nuclei with masses above 20 are normally not consideredmoderators. Moderator examples include people, water, graph-ite, oil, solvents, concrete, and polyethylene or other plastics.3.2.17 radiation absorbed dose (rad)see absorbed dose3.2.18 radiationfor purposes of
33、this standard, is definedas the emission that occurs when a nucleus undergoes radio-active decay. The emitted radiations may include alpha andbeta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. E 1705Available from ANS, 555 North Kensington Avenue, LaGrange Park, Ilinois60526.6Available from ASME, 22Law Dr.,
34、Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900.7Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyondotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112.8Available from ANSI, 25 W., 43rdSt., New York, NY 10036.9Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-309510Available
35、 from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-ments, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.11Available from CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.12Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Do
36、cu-ments, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington DC 20402-9328.C1615052(1) alpha alpha radiation is an alpha particle composed oftwo protons and two neutrons with a positive charge of plustwo. (It is the same as a helium atom with no electrons).(2) beta beta radiation is an electron that was generated inthe ato
37、mic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge ofone.(3) gamma gamma radiation is high energy, short wave-length electromagnetic radiation and normally accompanies theother forms of particle emissions during radioactive decay.Gamma radiation has no electrical charge.(4) neutron neutron radiation
38、 results from instability in theatomic nucleus that may be the result of either radioactiveinstability of the nucleus, interaction of the nucleus withanother particle or energy source. Neutrons have an atomicmass slightly heavier than a proton, but have no electricalcharge.3.2.19 radiation shielding
39、 windowfor the purpose of thisstandard, is an optically transparent instrument that provides ameans for viewing into a hot cell, and shields the operatorwhile performing work. A shielding window is generallyconstructed of an outer metal frame called a housing and isfilled with optically polished lea
40、d glass slabs that are securedwithin the lead housing with lead packing. Most shieldingwindows have cover glasses and trim frames on both viewingends to seal the window cavity. The shielding windows can beeither dry or oil-filled.3.2.20 radiation streaminga term used to describe un-shielded beams of
41、 radiation.3.2.21 resolversfor the purpose of this standard, arerotational position measuring devices that are essentially rotarytransformers with secondary windings on the rotor and stator atright angles to the other windings.3.2.22 sievertsee dose equivalent4. Significance and Use4.1 Mechanical dr
42、ive systems operability and long-termintegrity are concerns that should be addressed primarilyduring the design phase; however, problems identified duringfabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes inthe design documented. Equipment operability and integritycan be compromised during h
43、andling and installation se-quences. For this reason, the subject equipment should behandled and installed under closely controlled and supervisedconditions.4.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to otherstandards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, andcriteria applicable to the des
44、ign of equipment intended for thisuse.4.3 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to awide range of types and configurations of mechanical drivesystems.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements5.1 The vendor and owner-operator of hot cell equipmentshould have a documented quality as
45、surance program. Hot cellequipment should be designed according to stringent qualityassurance requirements and undergo quality control inspec-tions as outlined by the authority having jurisdiction. QAprograms may be required to comply with 10CFR830.120Subpart A, ANSI/ASME NQA-1,orANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001.
46、6. General Requirements6.1 For safe and efficient operation, a minimum number ofmechanical drive system components should be placed in a hotcell. Unnecessary equipment in a cell adds to the cost ofoperating and maintaining the cell and adds to the eventualdecontamination and disposal costs of hot ce
47、ll equipment. Athorough review of the mechanical drive systems necessary toperform the hot cell operations should be performed prior tointroducing the equipment into the hot cell.6.2 All hot cell equipment should be handled with extremecare during transfers and installation sequences to ensureagains
48、t collision damage.6.3 Installation should be planned and sequenced so thatother equipment is not handled above and around previouslyinstalled components to the extent practicable.6.4 Principles of good modular design and standardizationshould be considered for maintainability of equipment duringits
49、 design life. Determination should be made early in thedesign at which level of subassembly the equipment will bedisassembled and replaced if necessary. The optimal level isstrongly influenced by the estimated maintenance time andassociated cell down time costs, radiation exposure to person-nel, and disposal costs for the failed subassembly. Design withstandardized fasteners and other components to limit theinventory of tools needed for maintenance. Use prudent judge-ment in the selection of fastening materials to avoid gallingproblems, especially w
