1、Designation: C1617 09Standard Practice forQuantitative Accelerated Laboratory Evaluation ofExtraction Solutions Containing Ions Leached from ThermalInsulation on Aqueous Corrosion of Metals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1617; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for a qu
3、antitative accel-erated laboratory evaluation of the influence of extractionsolutions containing ions leached from thermal insulation onthe aqueous corrosion of metals. The primary intent of thepractice is for use with thermal insulation and associatedmaterials that contribute to, or alternatively i
4、nhibit, the aqueouscorrosion of different types and grades of metals due to solubleions that are leached by water from within the insulation. Thequantitative evaluation criteria are Mass Loss Corrosion Rate(MLCR) expressed in mils per year determined from theweight loss due to corrosion of exposed m
5、etal coupons afterthey are cleaned.1.2 The insulation extraction solutions prepared for use inthe test can be altered by the addition of corrosive ions to thesolutions to simulate contamination from an external source.Ions expected to provide corrosion inhibition can be added toinvestigate their inh
6、ibitory effect.1.3 Prepared laboratory standard solutions are used asreference solutions and controls, to provide a means ofcalibration and comparison. See Fig. 1 and Table 1.1.4 Other liquids can be tested for their potential corrosive-ness including cooling tower water, boiler feed, and chemicalst
7、ocks. Added chemical inhibitors or protective coatings ap-plied to the metal can also be evaluated using the generalguidelines of the practice.1.5 This practice cannot cover all possible field conditionsthat contribute to aqueous corrosion. The intent is to provide anaccelerated means to obtain a no
8、n-subjective numeric value forjudging the potential contribution to the corrosion of metalsthat can come from ions contained in thermal insulationmaterials or other experimental solutions. The calculatednumeric value is the mass loss corrosion rate. This calculationis based on general corrosion spre
9、ad equally over the testduration and the exposed area of the experimental cells createdfor the test. Corrosion found in field situations and thisaccelerated test also involves pitting and edge effects and therate changes over time.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standa
10、rd. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
11、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A53/A53M Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessA105/A105M Specification for Car
12、bon Steel Forgings forPiping ApplicationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC665 Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal In-sulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufact
13、uredHousingC692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of ThermalInsulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Ten-dency of Austenitic Stainless SteelC739 Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Loose-Fill ThermalInsulationC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Con-tact with Austeniti
14、c Stainless SteelC871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of ThermalInsulation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride,Silicate, and Sodium IonsD609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of A
15、STM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical andPhysical Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published November 2009Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C161705. DOI:10.1520/C1617-09.2For ref
16、erenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
17、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Related Coating ProductsG1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-sion Test SpecimensG16 Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of CorrosionDataG31 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testingof MetalsG46 Guide for Examination a
18、nd Evaluation of PittingCorrosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:Refer to Terminology C168 for definitions relating to insu-lation.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The practice uses controlled amounts of test solutionsdelivered drip wise onto a defined area of small flat coupons ofselected test metals for th
19、e purpose of producing, comparing,and measuring the corrosion that occurs on the metals due tothe exposure. Preparation of the coupons includes sanding toremove oxidation and contamination and making the surfaceuniform and reproducible.4.2 The test is conducted at elevated temperatures, greatlyaccel
20、erating the corrosion in comparison with corrosion atroom temperature. The heat makes the solution evaporatequickly, allowing an air (oxygen) interface and making thou-sands of wet-dry-wet cycles possible in a short time.4.3 Quantitative measurements of corrosion are determinedfrom the weight change
21、 (loss) due to the corrosion of the testedNOTE 1The Fig. 1 bar graph was created using the MLCR data shown in Table 2. Standard reference tests using de-ionized water, 1 ppm, 5 ppm,and 10 ppm chloride solutions were performed on mild carbon steel coupons. The calculated MLCR test results for mild ca
22、rbon steel coupons wereseparated into four ranges. The rating criteria ranges were developed to accommodate the results obtained using this practice on the reference standardsand experimental insulation samples. The ranges used are: MLCR=0to15mils = range A; MLCR = 15.1 to 35 mils = range B; MLCR =
23、35.1 to 60mils = range C, MLCR = 60.1 and higher = range D. The bars on the graph represent the total number of occurrences within the range for each of thereference solutions.NOTE 2It is necessary for each laboratory to develop their own data, with their own individual plate or plates, metal, opera
24、tors, cleaning procedures,and environmental conditions to establish the ranges of MLCR calculated for the reference standards. The insulation or other test solutions are thenevaluated against the reference solution results.FIG. 1 Standard Reference TestsC1617 092coupons. Reference tests prepared wit
25、h known concentrationsof solutions that are conducive to the corrosion of the testedmetal are compared with water solutions containing ionsextracted from insulation samples. Calculations of MLCR inmils-per-year (MPY) made using the methods of Practice G1are reported as the quantitative measurement.5
26、. Significance and Use5.1 Corrosion associated with insulation is an importantconcern for insulation manufacturers, specification writers,designers, contractors, users and operators of the equipment.Some material specifications contain test methods (or referencetest methods contained in other materi
27、al specifications), for usein evaluating the insulation with regard to the corrosion ofsteel, copper, and aluminum. In some cases these tests are notapplicable or effective and have not been evaluated for preci-sion and bias.5.2 Aproperly selected, installed, and maintained insulationsystem will red
28、uce the corrosion that often occurs on anun-insulated structure. However, when the protective weather-resistant covering of an insulation system fails, the conditionsfor the aqueous environment necessary for corrosion underinsulation (CUI) often develop. It is possible the insulationcontains, collec
29、ts, or concentrates corrosive agents, or a com-bination thereof, often found in industrial and coastal environ-ments. If water is not present, these electrolytes cannot migrateto the metal surface. The electrochemical reaction resulting inthe aqueous corrosion of metal surfaces cannot take place int
30、he absence of water and electrolytes. Additional environmen-tal factors contributing to increased corrosion rates are oxygen,and elevated-temperature (near boiling point).5.3 Chlorides and other corrosive ions are common to manyenvironments. The primary corrosion preventative is to protectinsulation
31、 and metal from contamination and moisture. Insu-lation covers, jackets, and metal coating of various kinds areoften used to prevent water infiltration and contact with themetal.5.4 This procedure can be used to evaluate all types ofthermal insulation and fireproofing materials (industrial, com-merc
32、ial, residential, cryogenic, fire-resistive, insulating ce-ment) manufactured using inorganic or organic materials.5.5 This procedure can be used with all metal types forwhich a coupon can be prepared such as mild steel, stainlesssteel, copper, or aluminum.5.6 This procedure can also be applicable t
33、o insulationaccessories including jacketing, covers, adhesives, cements,and binders associated with insulation and insulation products.5.7 Heat treatment of the insulation (as recommended by themanufacturer up to the maximum potential exposure tempera-ture) can be used to simulate possible condition
34、s of use.5.8 Adhesives can be tested by first drying followed bywater extraction or by applying a known quantity of the testadhesive to a test piece of insulation and then extracting.5.9 Insulating cements can be tested by casting a slab,drying, and extracting or by using the uncured insulatingcemen
35、t powder for extraction.5.10 Reference tests prepared with various concentrationsof solutions that are conducive to the corrosion of the testedmetal serve as comparative standards. Solutions containingchloride, sodium hydroxide, various acids (sulfuric, hydrochlo-ric, nitric, and citric acid), as we
36、ll as “blank” tests using onlyde-ionized water and tap water are used.5.11 Research can be done on insulation that has beenspecially formulated to inhibit corrosion in the presence ofcorrosive ions through modifications in basic composition orincorporation of certain chemical additives. Corrosive io
37、ns canalso be added to the insulation extraction solutions to deter-mine the effectiveness of any inhibitors present.5.12 Protective surface treatments and coatings of differenttypes and thickness can be applied to the metal coupons andcompared using various corrosive liquids.5.13 Several sets of te
38、sts are recommended because of thenumber of factors that affect corrosion. An average of the testsand the standard deviation between the test results are used onthe data. Much of the corrosion literature recommends aminimum of three specimens for every test. Consult Guide G16for additional statistic
39、al methods to apply to the corrosion data.5.14 Results from this accelerated corrosion test shall not beconsidered as an indicator of the useful life of the metalequipment. Many factors need consideration for applicabilityto specific circumstances. Refer to Practice G31 for additionalinformation.6.
40、Apparatus6.1 The test apparatus must be housed in a reasonably cleanand non-dusty environment to avoid any effects of contami-nants.6.2 Electrically Heated Thermostatically Controlled FlatHot Plate (see Appendix X1)A 1-ft (30.5-cm) square orcircular plate that has uniform temperature across the surf
41、aceprovides the heated environment. See Appendix X1 for con-struct design and sources of assembled systems.6.3 Peristaltic Pump (see Appendix X1)A multi-channelperistaltic pump with individual cassettes and silicone tubes isrecommended to supply 250 (625) mL/day to each specimen.6.4 Silicone Rubber
42、Tubing (see Appendix X1), to deliverfluid to the test coupons.6.5 Miniature Barbed Fitting (see Appendix X1), for con-nections of tubing (116 by116 in.)(0.16 by 0.16 cm).6.6 Band Saw.6.7 Balance, capable of 0.0001 (60.0002) g mass determi-nation.6.8 Wet-Grinding Belt Grinder/Sander, with used 80-gri
43、t (abelt previously used to make Test Method C692 stainless steelcoupons is acceptable) or new 120-grit wet belt.6.9 Drying Oven.6.10 Bottles, plastic 1 Lor equivalent, to individually supplyeach test specimen with test liquid.6.11 Nominal 1-in. Thin-wall PVC Pipe,1516-in. (3.33 cm)OD; 1316-in. (3.0
44、2 cm) ID by 1.25-in. (3.18 cm)lengths.6.12 High Temperature Grease or oil, for use as heattransfer medium.6.13 Rubber O-Ring,114-in. (3.18 cm) ID, 112-in. (3.81 cm)OD,18-in. (0.32 cm)thick.6.14 Silicone Sealant, 100% Silicone sealant.6.15 Plastic Straw,18-in. (0.32 cm) drink stirring straw(“swizzle
45、stick”) .C1617 0936.16 Cleaning Apparatus and Solutions, for the coupons,stainless steel metal scourer pad, 3-M sanding pad (mediumand fine) or equivalent sand paper, acetone, xylene, water,paper towels.6.17 Hand-Held Magnifier,or10to303 binocular micro-scope, or both.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Di
46、stilled or De-Ionized Water, containing less than 0.1ppm chloride ions.7.2 Metal Test Coupons, meeting the composition require-ments of applicable ASTM Specification for Mild Steel,Stainless Steel, Copper, or Aluminum. Mill certificates ofchemical composition and mechanical properties are required.7
47、.2.1 Some researchers will want to maintain traceability tothe metals used in other C16 corrosion procedures. Specifica-tion C739 uses cold rolled, low carbon (0.30 %) commercialquality shim steel. Specification C665 uses cold rolled, lowcarbon, quarter hard, temper No. 3, strip steel. It is possibl
48、eother metal grades meeting Specification A53/A53M, Specifi-cation A105/A105M, and other common ferrous steel specifi-cations are of interest for use in the tests. If stainless steelcoupons are to be used, it is recommended that they be 16-gageand prepared following the sensitization procedure descr
49、ibed inTest Method C692 Section 9 on Test Coupons (sensitizestainless steel coupons by heating at 1200F (649C) in anargon (inert) or air (oxidizing) atmosphere for three hours).Galvanized steel is not suitable for test because the elevatedtemperatures recommended by the practice are above therecommended use temperature of galvanized metal. However,with suitable adjustments to slow the drip rate and lower thetemperature of the hot plate, there are possibilities for thedevelopment of test practices.7.2.2 Carbon Steel Coupons; style: 0.032 Steel, Type R,Dull Matte Finish
