1、Designation: C 162 05Standard Terminology ofGlass and Glass Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in theglass industry.1.2 In some
3、cases in which a usage is specific to a certainindustry, that is spelled out within the definition. For complete-ness and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listedas being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companiesor industries may define or use terms differently than the way
4、these terms are defined within this terminology.1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Associationof North Americas Glazing Manual,2Engineering StandardsManual for Tempered Glass,2Laminated Glass DesignGuide,2and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 148
5、 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of GlassContainersC 336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point ofGlass by Fiber ElongationC 338 Test Method for Softening Point of Glass4C 598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point ofGlass by Beam BendingC 1048 Specification for Heat-Tr
6、eated Flat GlassKindHS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated GlassC 1172 Specification for LaminatedArchitectural Flat Glass3. TerminologyAbb valuethe reciprocal dispersive power, a value used inoptical design, expressed mathematically as:Abb value 5nd2 1!/nF2 nC!where ndis the refractive index for the heliu
7、m line at 587.6nm and nFand nCare the refractive indices for the hydrogenlines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See synonymousterm nu-value and related term dispersion.acid polishingthe polishing of a glass surface by acidtreatment.air bellsbubbles of irregular shape formed generally duringthe p
8、ressing or molding operations in the manufacture ofoptical glass.alabaster glassa milky-white glass that diffuses light with-out fiery color.alcovea narrow channel to convey molten glass from refinerto forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered bythe Owens machine.alkalian industrial te
9、rm for the oxide of sodium or potas-sium; less frequently of lithium.ampoulea glass container designed to be filled and sealed byfusion of the glass neck.annealto attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure,or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitabletemperature.annealinga contro
10、lled cooling process for glass designed toreduce residual stress to a commercially acceptable level andmodify structure.annealing point (A.P.)that temperature corresponding eitherto a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber whenmeasured by Test Method C 336, or a specific rate ofmidpoint deflec
11、tion of a glass beam when measured by TestMethod C 598. At the annealing point of glass, internalstresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.annealing rangethe range of glass temperature in whichstress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practicalrate. For purposes of comparing
12、 glasses, the annealing rangeis assumed to correspond with the temperature between theannealing point (A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).antimonyan industrial term for an oxide of antimony.arch, na part of a melter; a crown.arch, vto heat a pot in a pot arch.arrest markSee dwell mark.arsenican indu
13、strial term for an oxide of arsenic.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in
14、 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 162 04.2Glass Association of North America, 3310 S.W. Harrison, Topeka, KS66611-2279.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume in
15、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.aventurineglass containing colored, opaque spangles ofnonglassy material.back wallthe wall at the c
16、harging end of a melter.bafflea mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole ina blank mold.baffle marka mark or seam on a bottle resulting from a moldjoint between blank mold and baffle.baffle walla wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.See shadow wall.baghousea chamber containing
17、 bag filters for the removal ofparticles from a process exhaust stream.baitthe tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawingoperation.barrel, glass containerarchaic See sidewall, glass con-tainer.basearchaic the bottom of a bottle.basic fiberunprocessed glass fibers directly from the form-ing e
18、quipment.batch(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mixed,for delivery to the furnace.batch chargera mechanical device for introducing batch tothe melter.batch feederSee batch charger.batch housethe place where
19、batch materials are received,handled, weighed, and mixed.bathsynonymous with float bath.bead(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glassarticle.(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wirelead.(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass whichforms as a result of the interruptio
20、n of the fiber forming processbelow an orifice.bearer archSee rider arch.bearing surfacethe outside surface of an item of glasswareon which it rests when in its normal upright position.beltmarksSee chain marks.benchSee siege.bending stressa stress system that simultaneously imposes acompressive comp
21、onent at one surface, graduating to animposed tensile component at the opposite surface of a glasssection.bent glassflat glass that has been shaped while hot into abody having curved surfaces.bevelingthe process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevelangle.bicheroux processarchaic an intermittent pr
22、ocess formaking plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls,onto driven conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.binder(1) for a continuous filament process, a constituent ofa fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the compositematrix.(2) for insulation, material applied to glass fiber
23、s to holdthem in a desired arrangement.blank(1) a preliminary shape from which a finished article isfurther formed, molded, or cut.(2) a semi-finished piece of glass for making an opticalelement, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.blanket feeda method for charging batch designed topro
24、duce an even distribution of batch across the width of themelter.blank moldthe metal mold that first shapes the glass in themanufacture of hollow ware.blending-batcharchaic stepwise changes in batch compo-sition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.blistera relatively large gaseous inclus
25、ion in glass.bloacharchaic an imperfection resulting from incom-pletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in theplate which retains part of the original rough surface.blocking(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood ormetal.(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass byimmer
26、sion of a wooden block or other object to create bubbles.(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.(4) archaic, mounting of glass for grinding and polishing.(5) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.See hot hold.block molda one-piece mold.block reek, rakearchaic a scratch imperfec
27、tion caused bycullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.bloom(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by theatmosphere or from the deposition of particulate or vaporcondensates. (See also smoked.)(2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tincontact) surface after rehea
28、ting as a result of the presence of tindiffused into the surface.blow-and-blow processthe process of forming hollow warein which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed byair pressure.blowerone who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)blow headpart of a forming machine serving to intro
29、duce airunder pressure to blow any hollow glass article.blow-overthe thin-walled bubble formed above a blow moldin hand-shop operation to facilitate bursting-off.blowpipethe pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering andblowing by mouth.blowing ironSee blowpipe.blown glassglassware shaped by air pressu
30、re, as by com-pressed air or by mouth blowing.blow moldthe metal mold in which a blown glass article isfinally shaped.bodythe attribute of molten glass, associated with viscosityand homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.boil(1) archaic an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion largerin size than
31、 a seed.(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the meltingbatch.boost meltingSee electric boosting.boota suspended enclosure in the nose of a melter protectinga portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.borax glassvitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate(Na2B4O7).C162052borosilica
32、te glassa silicate glass with B2O3content above 4weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermalexpansion, long in viscosity versus temperature, and low indensity.bowlSee spout.breast wall(1) the entire side wall of a melter between theflux block and the crown, but not including the ends.
33、(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and infront of or surrounding the front of a pot.breezingarchaic buckwheat anthracite coal or coarse sandspread on the siege before setting of pots.bridgethe structure formed by the end walls of the adjacentmelter and refiner compartments of a mel
34、ting furnace and thecovers spanning the gap between the end walls.bridge coverSee bridge wall cover.bridge wall coverrefractory blocks spanning the spacebetween the bridge walls.bridgewallthat part of a melting furnace forming a bridge orseparation between melter and refiner.bruisesynonymous with pe
35、rcussion cone.bulb edgethe heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.bulls eye(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.(2) the glass left by the punty in the center of a flat disk ofglass made by the hand blown crown process.(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from apolishing dep
36、ression or a solid inclusion trapped betweenlayers of laminated glass.bump checkSee percussion cone.burner blocka refractory block with one or more orificesthrough which fuel is admitted to a furnace.burn-offthe process of severing an unwanted portion of aglass article by fusing the glass.burnt lime
37、calcined limestone (CaO MgO, dolomitic), orCaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.bursting-offthe breaking of the blowover.bushing(1) a liner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure withsingle or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and isattenu
38、ated into fiber(s).butterfly bruiseSee percussion cone.cabal glassa glass consisting primarily of the oxides ofcalcium, boron, and aluminum.campaignthe working life of a melting furnace betweenmajor cold repairs.canalthat part of a melting furnace leading from the finingarea to the forming area. See
39、 channel and forehearth.canesolid glass rods.cap, n(1) another name for crown.(2) a type of bottle closure.cap, varchaic to cut off the ends of a glass cylinder.carnival glassglass having an iridescent coloration obtainedby firing metallic salts applied onto a colored glass body. Seelusters.carry-in
40、manual lehr loading.cased glassglassware whose surface layer has a differentcomposition from that of the main glass body.casehardeneda term sometimes used for tempered glass.(See tempered glass.)castinga process of shaping glass by pouring molten glassinto molds, onto tables, or between rollers.cat
41、eyean imperfection; an elongated bubble containing apiece of foreign matter.cat scratchan imperfection; surface irregularities on glass-ware resembling the marks of a cats claws.centeringan operation on lens elements wherein the elementis optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edgesgrou
42、nd concentric with the optical axis.ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glassenamel)a decorative, usually colored, vitreous inorganiccoating for bonding to glass at temperatures above 425C(800F).chain marksmarks made on the bottoms of glass articles asthey ride through a lehr on a chain bel
43、t slightly overheated.channel(1) in container glass, that part of a forehearth whichcarries the glass from the melter to the flow spout and inwhich temperature adjustments are made.(2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from themelter to the refiner or forehearth.charge, nSee batch (3).c
44、harge, vto add batch to a melter.chatter sleekarchaic See frictive track.checkan imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.checkers(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heatexchanger.(2) slang for regenerators of this type.(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construction.c
45、hemical durabilitythe lasting quality (both physical andchemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, afterprolonged weathering or storing, in terms of chemical andphysical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changesin the contents of a vessel.chemically strengthenedglass that h
46、as been ion-exchangedto produce a compressive stress layer at the treated surface.chill marka wrinkled surface condition on glassware result-ing from uneven cooling in the forming process.chipan imperfection due to breakage of a small fragment outof an otherwise regular surface.chipped glassa glass
47、article with chipped surface producedintentionally.chippingthe process of removing thin extra glass prior togrinding.chokean imperfection consisting of an insufficient openingin the finish and neck of a container.chopped fiberfiber glass strand which has been chopped tospecified lengths.chunk glassa
48、rchaic optical glass obtained in breakingopen a pot of transfer glass.cleavage crackdamage produced by the translation of ahard, sharp object across a glass surface. This fracturesystem typically includes a plastically deformed groove onthe damaged surface, together with median and lateral cracksema
49、nating from this groove.Colburn sheet processarchaic manufacture of sheet glassby bending the vertically drawn sheet over a roll whichestablishes the definition of draw.C162053cold top melteran all electric melting furnace in which athermally insulating layer of batch is maintained on top ofthe molten pactto treat glass in a manner, such as by heat treatment,to approach maximum density.contact stressthe tensile stress compo
