1、Designation: C162 05 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Terminology ofGlass and Glass Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms generally used in theglass indust
3、ry.1.2 In some cases in which a usage is specific to a certainindustry, that is spelled out within the definition. For complete-ness and historical purposes, terms that are outdated are listedas being archaic. The reader is cautioned that some companiesor industries may define or use terms different
4、ly than the waythese terms are defined within this terminology.1.3 Other sources of glass glossaries are Glass Associationof North Americas Glazing Manual,2Engineering StandardsManual for Tempered Glass,2Laminated Glass DesignGuide,2and ASTM Committee C-14 standards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
5、tandards:3C148 Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of GlassContainersC336 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point ofGlass by Fiber Elongation4C338 Test Method for Softening Point of GlassC598 Test Method for Annealing Point and Strain Point ofGlass by Beam BendingC1048 Specification f
6、or Heat-Treated Flat GlassKind HS,Kind FT Coated and Uncoated GlassC1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass3. TerminologyAbb valuethe reciprocal dispersive power, a value used inoptical design, expressed mathematically as:Abb value 5nd2 1!/nF2 nC!where ndis the refractive index for
7、 the helium line at 587.6nm and nFand nCare the refractive indices for the hydrogenlines at 486.1 and 656.3 nm, respectively. See synonymousterm nu-value and related term dispersion.acid polishingthe polishing of a glass surface by acidtreatment.air bellsbubbles of irregular shape formed generally d
8、uringthe pressing or molding operations in the manufacture ofoptical glass.alabaster glassa milky-white glass that diffuses light with-out fiery color.alcovea narrow channel to convey molten glass from refinerto forehearth or to the revolving pot where it is gathered bythe Owens machine.alkalian ind
9、ustrial term for the oxide of sodium or potas-sium; less frequently of lithium.ampoulea glass container designed to be filled and sealed byfusion of the glass neck.annealto attain acceptably low stresses, or desired structure,or both, in glass by controlled cooling from a suitabletemperature.anneali
10、nga controlled cooling process for glass designed toreduce residual stress to a commercially acceptable level andmodify structure.annealing point (A.P.)that temperature corresponding eitherto a specific rate of elongation of a glass fiber whenmeasured by Test Method C336, or a specific rate ofmidpoi
11、nt deflection of a glass beam when measured by TestMethod C598. At the annealing point of glass, internalstresses are substantially relieved in a matter of minutes.annealing rangethe range of glass temperature in whichstress in glass can be relieved at a commercially practicalrate. For purposes of c
12、omparing glasses, the annealing rangeis assumed to correspond with the temperature between theannealing point (A.P.) and the strain point (St.P.).antimonyan industrial term for an oxide of antimony.arch, na part of a melter; a crown.arch, vto heat a pot in a pot arch.arrest markSee dwell mark.arseni
13、can industrial term for an oxide of arsenic.aventurineglass containing colored, opaque spangles ofnonglassy material.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.01 onNomenclature and Definitions.Cur
14、rent edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C162 05. DOI:10.1520/C0162-05R10.2Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2945 SWWanamaker Drive, Ste A, Topeka, KS 66614-5321. http:/.3For referenced AST
15、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedo
16、n www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.back wallthe wall at the charging end of a melter.bafflea mold part used to close the delivery or baffle hole ina blank mold.baffle marka mark or seam on a bottle resulti
17、ng from a moldjoint between blank mold and baffle.baffle walla wall used to deflect gases or flames in a melter.See shadow wall.baghousea chamber containing bag filters for the removal ofparticles from a process exhaust stream.baitthe tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawingoperation.barre
18、l, glass containerarchaic See sidewall, glass con-tainer.basearchaic the bottom of a bottle.basic fiberunprocessed glass fibers directly from the form-ing equipment.batch(1) the recipe of batch ingredients.(2) the raw materials weighed but unmixed.(3) the raw materials, properly proportioned and mix
19、ed,for delivery to the furnace.batch chargera mechanical device for introducing batch tothe melter.batch feederSee batch charger.batch housethe place where batch materials are received,handled, weighed, and mixed.bathsynonymous with float bath.bead(1) an enlarged, rounded raised section on a glassar
20、ticle.(2) a small piece of glass tubing bonded around a wirelead.(3) in fiber glass, a tear drop-shaped glass mass whichforms as a result of the interruption of the fiber forming processbelow an orifice.bearer archSee rider arch.bearing surfacethe outside surface of an item of glasswareon which it r
21、ests when in its normal upright position.beltmarksSee chain marks.benchSee siege.bending stressa stress system that simultaneously imposes acompressive component at one surface, graduating to animposed tensile component at the opposite surface of a glasssection.bent glassflat glass that has been sha
22、ped while hot into abody having curved surfaces.bevelingthe process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevelangle.bicheroux processarchaic an intermittent process formaking plate glass, in which the glass is cast between rolls,onto driven conveyer rolls, or a flat moving table.binder(1) for a continu
23、ous filament process, a constituent ofa fiber glass sizing that couples the fiber to the compositematrix.(2) for insulation, material applied to glass fibers to holdthem in a desired arrangement.blank(1) a preliminary shape from which a finished article isfurther formed, molded, or cut.(2) a semi-fi
24、nished piece of glass for making an opticalelement, such as a lens or prism. Also known as a pressing.blanket feeda method for charging batch designed toproduce an even distribution of batch across the width of themelter.blank moldthe metal mold that first shapes the glass in themanufacture of hollo
25、w ware.blending-batcharchaic stepwise changes in batch compo-sition to arrive at the final change in finished glass.blistera relatively large gaseous inclusion in glass.bloacharchaic an imperfection resulting from incom-pletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in theplate which retains pa
26、rt of the original rough surface.blocking(1) shaping a gather of glass in a cavity of wood ormetal.(2) archaic, promoting mixing and fining of glass byimmersion of a wooden block or other object to create bubbles.(3) reprocessing to remove surface imperfections.(4) archaic, mounting of glass for gri
27、nding and polishing.(5) archaic, idling a furnace at reduced temperatures.See hot hold.block molda one-piece mold.block reek, rakearchaic a scratch imperfection caused bycullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation.bloom(1) a visible surface film resulting from attack by theatmosphere or fro
28、m the deposition of particulate or vaporcondensates. (See also smoked.)(2) a blemish in float glass appearing on the bottom (tincontact) surface after reheating as a result of the presence of tindiffused into the surface.blow-and-blow processthe process of forming hollow warein which both the prelim
29、inary and final shapes are formed byair pressure.blowerone who forms glass by blowing. (See also gaffer.)blow headpart of a forming machine serving to introduce airunder pressure to blow any hollow glass article.blow-overthe thin-walled bubble formed above a blow moldin hand-shop operation to facili
30、tate bursting-off.blowpipethe pipe used by a glassmaker for gathering andblowing by mouth.blowing ironSee blowpipe.blown glassglassware shaped by air pressure, as by com-pressed air or by mouth blowing.blow moldthe metal mold in which a blown glass article isfinally shaped.bodythe attribute of molte
31、n glass, associated with viscosityand homogeneity, which is conducive to workability.boil(1) archaic an imperfection; a gaseous inclusion largerin size than a seed.(2) turbulence caused by gases escaping from the meltingbatch.boost meltingSee electric boosting.boota suspended enclosure in the nose o
32、f a melter protectinga portion of the surface and serving as a gathering opening.borax glassvitreous anhydrous sodium tetraborate(Na2B4O7).borosilicate glassa silicate glass with B2O3content above 4weight percent, characterized by a moderate to low thermalexpansion, long in viscosity versus temperat
33、ure, and low indensity.C162 05 (2010)2bowlSee spout.breast wall(1) the entire side wall of a melter between theflux block and the crown, but not including the ends.(2) refractory wall between pillars of a pot furnace and infront of or surrounding the front of a pot.breezingarchaic buckwheat anthraci
34、te coal or coarse sandspread on the siege before setting of pots.bridgethe structure formed by the end walls of the adjacentmelter and refiner compartments of a melting furnace and thecovers spanning the gap between the end walls.bridge coverSee bridge wall cover.bridge wall coverrefractory blocks s
35、panning the spacebetween the bridge walls.bridgewallthat part of a melting furnace forming a bridge orseparation between melter and refiner.bruisesynonymous with percussion cone.bulb edgethe heavy rounded edge or bead of flat glass.bulls eye(1) a tempered solid cylindrical sight glass.(2) the glass
36、left by the punty in the center of a flat disk ofglass made by the hand blown crown process.(3) in flat glass, an optical distortion that arises from apolishing depression or a solid inclusion trapped betweenlayers of laminated glass.bump checkSee percussion cone.burner blocka refractory block with
37、one or more orificesthrough which fuel is admitted to a furnace.burn-offthe process of severing an unwanted portion of aglass article by fusing the glass.burnt limecalcined limestone (CaO MgO, dolomitic), orCaO (calcitic), or a mixture of these.bursting-offthe breaking of the blowover.bushing(1) a l
38、iner in the feeder orifice for molten glass.(2) a precious metal or refractory/metal structure withsingle or multiple hole(s) through which glass flows and isattenuated into fiber(s).butterfly bruiseSee percussion cone.cabal glassa glass consisting primarily of the oxides ofcalcium, boron, and alumi
39、num.campaignthe working life of a melting furnace betweenmajor cold repairs.canalthat part of a melting furnace leading from the finingarea to the forming area. See channel and forehearth.canesolid glass rods.cap, n(1) another name for crown.(2) a type of bottle closure.cap, varchaic to cut off the
40、ends of a glass cylinder.carnival glassglass having an iridescent coloration obtainedby firing metallic salts applied onto a colored glass body. Seelusters.carry-inmanual lehr loading.cased glassglassware whose surface layer has a differentcomposition from that of the main glass body.casehardeneda t
41、erm sometimes used for tempered glass.(See tempered glass.)castinga process of shaping glass by pouring molten glassinto molds, onto tables, or between rollers.cat eyean imperfection; an elongated bubble containing apiece of foreign matter.cat scratchan imperfection; surface irregularities on glass-
42、ware resembling the marks of a cats claws.centeringan operation on lens elements wherein the elementis optically aligned with the axis of rotation and the edgesground concentric with the optical axis.ceramic glass enamel (also ceramic enamel or glassenamel)a decorative, usually colored, vitreous ino
43、rganiccoating for bonding to glass at temperatures above 425C(800F).chain marksmarks made on the bottoms of glass articles asthey ride through a lehr on a chain belt slightly overheated.channel(1) in container glass, that part of a forehearth whichcarries the glass from the melter to the flow spout
44、and inwhich temperature adjustments are made.(2) in fiber glass, the structure to deliver glass from themelter to the refiner or forehearth.charge, nSee batch (3).charge, vto add batch to a melter.chatter sleekarchaic See frictive track.checkan imperfection; a surface crack in a glass article.checke
45、rs(1) an open structure of firebrick serving as a heatexchanger.(2) slang for regenerators of this type.(3) slang for refractory brick used in such a construction.chemical durabilitythe lasting quality (both physical andchemical) of a glass surface. It is frequently evaluated, afterprolonged weather
46、ing or storing, in terms of chemical andphysical changes in the glass surface, or in terms of changesin the contents of a vessel.chemically strengthenedglass that has been ion-exchangedto produce a compressive stress layer at the treated surface.chill marka wrinkled surface condition on glassware re
47、sult-ing from uneven cooling in the forming process.chipan imperfection due to breakage of a small fragment outof an otherwise regular surface.chipped glassa glass article with chipped surface producedintentionally.chippingthe process of removing thin extra glass prior togrinding.chokean imperfectio
48、n consisting of an insufficient openingin the finish and neck of a container.chopped fiberfiber glass strand which has been chopped tospecified lengths.chunk glassarchaic optical glass obtained in breakingopen a pot of transfer glass.cleavage crackdamage produced by the translation of ahard, sharp o
49、bject across a glass surface. This fracturesystem typically includes a plastically deformed groove onthe damaged surface, together with median and lateral cracksemanating from this groove.Colburn sheet processarchaic manufacture of sheet glassby bending the vertically drawn sheet over a roll whichestablishes the definition of draw.cold top melteran all electric melting furnace in which athermally insulating layer
