1、Designation: C 1645/C 1645M 09Standard Test Method forFreeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid ConcreteInterlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1645/C 1645M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing andthawing of solid interloc
3、king concrete paving units conformingto the dimensional requirements of Specification C 936/C 936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tapwater or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use ofthe units in actual service.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound u
4、nitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to addre
5、ss all of thesafety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use of this standard to establish appropri-ate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilityof regulatory limitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 936/C 936M Specif
6、ication for Solid Concrete Interlock-ing Paving Units3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects offreezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensionalrequirements of Specification C 936/C 936M while immersedin a test solution. Other types of segmental con
7、crete pavingunits that do not conform to the dimensional requirements ofSpecification C 936/C 936M may be tested using this testmethod.3.2 The results from this test method are not intended toprovide a quantitative measure of the length of service fromconcrete paving units conforming to the dimensio
8、nal require-ments of Specification C 936/C 936M.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing ApparatusThe freezing appa-ratus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room withcontrols to reach and maintain within1hofintroduction ofspecimens an air temperature of 5 6 3C 23 6 5F at alllocations within the c
9、hamber regardless of the number ofspecimens in the chamber. The thawing chamber shall maintaina controlled air temperature. This temperature shall never begreater than + 30C 86F.4.2 BalanceA balance capable of weighing 500 g with anaccuracy of 6 0.1 g shall be used for measuring the mass of thefine
10、spalled material.4.3 Drying OvenThe drying oven shall be vented andcapable of being maintained at 100 to 115C 212 to 239F.4.4 Specimen ContainerThe specimen container shall bemade of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensionsthat allow complete submersion of the specimen in the testsolution
11、. The size of the container shall be less than or equal tothree times the volume of the unit that is being tested. Thecontainer shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test SpecimensSelect whole units repre-sentative of the lot from which they are selected. The uni
12、tsshall be free from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structuraldefects.5.2 Number of Test SpecimensSample according to therequirements of Specification C 936/C 936M.5.3 IdentificationMark each test specimen so that it isidentifiable at any time.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Curing and Condi
13、tioningWhen possible, specimensshall be full-sized units. When the units cannot be testedfull-size due to specimen configuration or lack of suitablespecimen containers, obtain a specimen by saw-cutting afull-height coupon with a surface area of at least 1901This test method is under the jurisdiction
14、 of ASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.20 onArchitectural and Structural Products.Current edition approved on July 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 1645 06.2For refe
15、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Cop
16、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cm229.5 in.2. Test specimens shall be a minimum of 28 daysold before freeze-thaw cycling begins. After sampling, all testspecimens shall be cured for 14 days in a moist chamber(cabinet or r
17、oom) at an air temperature of 23 6 2C 73 6 4Fand a relative humidity of at least 90 % or submerged in asaturated lime solution maintained at 23 6 2C 73 6 4F.Moist curing shall be followed by air curing for a minimum of14 days at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum 80 % relativehumidity. The curing and con
18、ditioning of the test specimensshall be waived at the option of the manufacturer of the pavers.When curing is waived, allow the specimens to air cure for aminimum of 48 h at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum80 % relative humidity.6.1.1 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushedclean with a st
19、iff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edgeshards shall be removed with a carborundum stone.7. Procedure7.1 Freezing and Thawing CyclesOne freeze-thaw cycleshall be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 61 h of freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The specimensshall be subjecte
20、d to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyondthe operators control, a freezing period cannot commence atthe specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawedcondition until conditions are suitable for resumption of the testbut not longer than 96 h. The specimen temperature shallconform to 5 6 3
21、C 23 6 5F for the last 7 to 12 h of thefreezing cycle and a minimum of +5 C 40F for the last 1 hof the thawing cycle. The temperature shall be recorded at leastevery 15 min in the smallest and largest specimen (by weight)within the apparatus with a temperature probe that is insulatedfrom cabinet air
22、 and rests against, below, or inside a specimen.7.2 Specimen ContainmentImmediately followingcompletion of the conditioning, each specimen shall be cen-tered with the wearing surface facing upwards in individualcontainers. The supported bottom surface of the specimensshall rest on solid, noncorrosiv
23、e, nonabsorptive (for example,glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, etc.) spacers approxi-mately 5 mm 0.2 in. high to ensure exposure of at least 95 %of the bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of 5 mm0.2 in. clearance shall be provided between the specimen andthe container in all dire
24、ctions.7.3 Test SolutionThe test solution shall be tap water orsaline as requested by the client. If the test solution is saline,containers shall be filled with 3 6 0.1 % (by weight) NaClsolution. The test solution (tap water or saline) shall have atemperature of 24 6 8C 75 6 15F. The level of the t
25、estsolution shall be 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the topsurface of the specimens (Note 1). After filling the containers,they shall be immediately closed to minimize evaporation andthe closed containers left at a temperature of 24 6 8C 75 615F for 24 6 1 h. After the 24 h soak period, check the lev
26、elof the test solution and add additional test solution as needed tomaintain the required level of 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. abovethe surface of the specimens.NOTE 1Excess test solution volume should be avoided in order toensure rapid freezing of the specimens. Likewise, choose a container witha plan
27、area similar to the test specimen to minimize excess test solution.7.4 Temperature MonitoringFollowing the 24-h satura-tion period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuousfreeze-thaw cycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw apparatus, as well as those of the specimen, shall becontin
28、uously measured at least every 15 min and recorded. Iffor any reason, except for residue collection, continuous 24-hcycles cannot be maintained, then this shall be noted in thereport.7.5 Collection of ResidueAfter 7, 28, and (if necessary)49 cycles, the specimens shall be washed with test solution (
29、tapwater or saline, as appropriate) to remove all loose particles.These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom ofthe containers shall be filtered using a sieve or filter paver witha maximum opening of 80 m and washed with tap water toremove any soluble salts (Note 2). Dry the residue
30、 in the dryingoven for not less than 4 h and until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the last previously determined weight. This residueshall be defined as mass loss expressed in grams. The residueshall be cumulatively weighed after 7, 28,
31、 and 49 (if necessary)cycles.NOTE 2A 75 m No. 200 sieve is acceptable for residue collection.7.5.1 Provide a new test solution following each determina-tion of loss of mass. The 24-h presoaking period shall bewaived following 7 and 28 cycles provided that the specimensare maintained in a saturated c
32、ondition during mass determi-nation.7.5.2 Every time a container is replaced into a multi-levelfreezing test chamber, the container shall be placed on the levelimmediately above the level on which it was previouslylocated. If the container was previously located on the top levelof a multi-level free
33、zing chamber, replace it onto the bottomlevel. Also rotate containers from front-to-back and left-to-right when moving to a new shelf.7.5.3 The test shall continue until 28 freeze-thaw cycleshave been completed or unless an individual test specimen hasdisintegrated, or lost more than 225 g/m2. If th
34、e loss of massexceeds 225 g/m2from an individual specimen the test shallcontinue until 49 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed. If atany time losses exceed 500 g/m2or disintegration of anindividual specimen necessitates termination of testing prema-turely, the loss of mass shall be determined and
35、added to thepreviously lost mass.8. Calculation and Report8.1 The loss of mass shall be calculated in grams per squaremeter of surface area to the nearest 0.1 g/m2. Calculate the totalsurface area of the paver by one of the following two methods:8.1.1 Sum the calculated area of all surfaces from the
36、specified shape and dimensions shown in the manufacturersmold drawings.8.1.2 Sum the calculated areas of all surfaces as determinedfrom the measured dimensions of the test specimens takenbefore the beginning of testing.8.2 The report shall include the following:8.2.1 Name of client and manufacturer;
37、8.2.2 The date of manufacture and sampling;8.2.3 Plant or field sampling;C 1645/C 1645M 0928.2.4 The batch number;8.2.5 Identification of specimens and color;8.2.6 Dimensions and total surface area of the specimensand whether the dimensions were determined from the manu-facturers mold drawings or by
38、 measurement;8.2.7 Dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.2.8 Cumulative mass lost by each specimen and theaverage results after 7, 28, and 49 (if necessary) cycles or at thetime of termination of the test;8.2.9 The number of cycles at termination;8.2.10 A description of the damage suffered by
39、 the speci-mens, with photographs where possible; and8.2.11 Any deviations from this testing procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and bias data for this test method is not yetavailable.10. Keywords10.1 freeze-thaw durability; interlocking concrete paversSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C27 has id
40、entified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C 1645 06) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 15, 2009.)(1) Revised 1.1 and 3.2 to clarifiy the language.(2) Revised 4.1 to clarify that the chamber needs to be able tomaintain the required temperat
41、ure throughout the entire cham-ber.(3) Revised 4.3 to eliminate the 60C oven since it is no longerneeded in Section 6, but added a requirement for a 100Cdrying oven, which is required in 7.5 but which had not beenpreviously defined.(4) Eliminated the former subsection 6.1.1, which had previ-ously re
42、quired oven conditioning of specimens at 60C prior totesting.(5) Revised 6.1 to (i) allow saw-cut specimens, (ii) allowmoist curing in a saturated lime bath, (iii) modify air curingconditions, and (iv) allow the curing to be waived at the optionof the manufacturer of the pavers.(6) Revised 7.1 to (i
43、) limit the time a specimen can remain inthe thaw condition, (ii) change the required length of time thespecimen must be in the freezing condition, and (iii) betterspecify how to monitor the temperature of the specimensduring testing.(7) Revised 7.2 to allow other types of noncorrosive spacers.(8) R
44、evised 7.3 to clarify details concerning the test solution.(9) Revised 7.4 to clarify the temperature monitoring andreporting requirements.(10) Revised 7.5 and 7.5.1 to clarify the collection of residueprocedure.(11) Revised 7.5 and 8.2.8 to require residue collection at 7,28, and 49 cycles instead
45、of 10, 25, and 50 cycles.(12) Added a new 7.5.2 to require rotation of the specimencontainers in the chamber.(13) Revised Section 8 to allow, as an option, the surface areaof the specimen to be calculated from measured dimensions ofthe actual test specimens.ASTM International takes no position respe
46、cting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This st
47、andard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internat
48、ional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown belo
49、w.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1645/C 1645M 093
