1、Designation: C1645/C1645M 11C1645/C1645M 15Standard Test Method forFreeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid ConcreteInterlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1645/C1645M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of so
3、lid interlocking concrete paving units conforming tothe dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % salinesolution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or i
4、nch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not pu
5、rport to address all of the safety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the use of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C936/
6、C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensionalrequirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of se
7、gmental concrete paving units thatdo not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using this test method.3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concretepaving units conforming to
8、the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing ApparatusThe freezing apparatus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room with controls toreach and maintain within 1 h of introduction of specimens an air temperature of 5 6 3C 23 6 5F at all location
9、s within thechamber regardless of the number of specimens in the chamber. The thawing chamber shall maintain a controlled air temperature.This temperature shall never be greater than + 30C +30C 86F.4.2 BalanceA balance capable of weighing 500 g with an accuracy of 6 0.1 60.1 g shall be used for meas
10、uring the mass ofthe fine spalled material.4.3 Drying OvenThe drying oven shall be vented and capable of being maintained at 100 to 115C 212 to 239F.4.4 Specimen ContainerThe specimen container shall be made of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensions thatallow complete submersion of the
11、specimen in the test solution. The size of the container shall be less than or equal to three timesthe volume of the unit that is being tested. The container shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units
12、 and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 on ConcreteMasonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved on Dec. 15, 2011Dec. 15, 2015. Published January 2012January 2016. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20092011as C1645/C1645M 09.C1645/C1645M 11. D
13、OI: 10.1520/C1645_C1645M-11. 10.1520/C1645_C1645M-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This doc
14、ument is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as
15、 appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unite
16、d States15. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens SpecimensSelect whole units representative of the lot from which they are selected. Theunits shall be free from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structural defects.5.2 Number of Test SpecimensSample according to the requirements of Specification
17、C936/C936M.5.3 IdentificationMark each test specimen so that it is identifiable at any time.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Curing and ConditioningWhen possible, specimens shall be full-sized units. When the units cannot be tested full-size dueto specimen configuration or lack of suitable specim
18、en containers, obtain a specimen by saw-cutting a full-height coupon with asurface area of at least 190 cm2 29.5 in.2. Test specimens shall be a minimum of 28 days old before freeze-thaw cycling begins.After sampling, all test specimens shall be cured for 14 days in a moist chamber (cabinet or room)
19、 at an air temperature of 23 62C 73 6 4F and a relative humidity of at least 90 % or submerged in a saturated lime solution maintained at 23 6 2C 736 4F. Moist curing shall be followed by air curing for a minimum of 14 days at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum 80 %relative humidity. The curing and condi
20、tioning of the test specimens shall be waived at the option of the manufacturer of the pavers.When curing is waived, allow the specimens to air cure for a minimum of 48 h at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum 80 %relative humidity.6.1.1 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushed clean with a s
21、tiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edge shardsshall be removed with a carborundum stone.7. Procedure7.1 Freezing and Thawing CyclesOne freeze-thaw cycle shall be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 6 1 hof freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The specimens shall be subje
22、cted to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyond theoperators control, a freezing period cannot commence at the specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawed condition untilconditions are suitable for resumption of the test but not longer than 96 h. The specimen temperature shall conform to
23、 5 6 3C23 6 5F for the last 7 to 12 h of the freezing cycle and a minimum of +5 C 40F for the last 1 h of the thawing cycle. Thetemperature shall be recorded at least every 15 min in the smallest and largest specimen (by weight) within the apparatus with atemperature probe that is insulated from cab
24、inet air and rests against, below, or inside a specimen.7.2 Specimen ContainmentImmediately following completion of the conditioning, each specimen shall be centered with thewearing surface facing upwards in individual containers. The supported bottom surface of the specimens shall rest on solid,non
25、corrosive, nonabsorptive (for example, glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, etc.) spacers approximately 5 mm 0.2 in. highto ensure exposure of at least 95 % of the bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of 5 mm 0.2 in. clearance shall beprovided between the specimen and the container in
26、 all directions.7.3 Test SolutionThe test solution shall be tap water or saline as requested by the client. If the test solution is saline, containersshall be filled with 3 6 0.1 % (by weight) NaCl solution. The test solution (tap water or saline) shall have a temperature of 246 8C 75 6 15F. The lev
27、el of the test solution shall be 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the top surface of the specimens (Note1). After filling the containers, they shall be immediately closed to minimize evaporation and the closed containers left at atemperature of 24 6 8C 75 6 15F for 24 6 1 h. After the 24 h soak period,
28、 check the level of the test solution and addadditional test solution as needed to maintain the required level of 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the surface of the specimens.NOTE 1Excess test solution volume should be avoided in order to ensure rapid freezing of the specimens. Likewise, choose a cont
29、ainer with a planarea similar to the test specimen to minimize excess test solution.7.4 Temperature MonitoringFollowing the 24-h saturation period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuous freeze-thawcycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw apparatus, as well as those of the specimen
30、, shall be continuously measuredat least every 15 min and recorded. If for any reason, except for residue collection, continuous 24-h cycles cannot be maintained,then this shall be noted in the report.7.5 Collection of ResidueAfter 7, 28, and (if necessary) 49 cycles, the specimens shall be washed w
31、ith test solution (tap wateror saline, as appropriate) to remove all loose particles. These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom of the containersshall be filtered using a sieve or filter paver with a maximum opening of 80 m and washed with tap water to remove any solublesalts (Not
32、e 2). Dry the residue all the filter paper and residue (spall) collected from each specimen in the drying oven for not lessthan 4 h and until two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h 6 15 min show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % 0.2% of the last previously determined weight. This res
33、idue shall be defined Place the filter paper and residue in a draft-free locationwithin the laboratory for a period of 2 h 6 15 min to allow the filter paper and residue to come to equilibrium temperature withthe laboratory environment. Weigh the filter paper and residue to the nearest 0.2 g and rec
34、ord as massWf+r loss expressed in grams.The residue shall. Calculate the residue weight, beWr cumulatively weighed , as follows:Wr 5Wf1r 2Wf (1)after 7, 28, and 49 (if necessary) cycles.C1645/C1645M 152where:Wr = weight of residue (spall), g,Wf+r = weight of the dried residue and filter paper, g, an
35、dWf = initial weight of the filter paper, g.NOTE 2A75 mA 75-m No. 200 sieve is acceptable for residue collection.7.5.1 Provide a new test solution following each determination of loss of mass. The 24-h presoaking period shall be waivedfollowing 7 and 28 cycles provided that the specimens are maintai
36、ned in a saturated condition during mass determination.7.5.2 Every time a container is replaced into a multi-level freezing test chamber, the container shall be placed on the levelimmediately above the level on which it was previously located. If the container was previously located on the top level
37、 of amulti-level freezing chamber, replace it onto the bottom level. Also rotate containers from front-to-back and left-to-right whenmoving to a new shelf.7.5.3 The test shall continue until 28 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed or if the average mass loss for all specimens testedis greater than
38、 225 g/m2. If the average mass loss exceeds 225 g/m2, the test shall continue until 49 freeze-thaw cycles have beencompleted. If at any time the average mass loss for all specimens tested is greater than 500 g/m2 or disintegration of the specimensnecessitates the premature termination of testing, th
39、e mass loss shall be determined and added to the previously lost mass.8. Calculation and Report8.1 The weight of all collected residue shall be measured and recorded as Wr to the nearest 0.2 g.8.2 The loss of mass shall be calculated in grams per square meter of surface area to the nearest 0.1 g/m2.
40、 Calculate the totalsurface area of the paver shall be calculated by one of the following two methods:8.2.1 Sum the calculated area of all surfaces from the specified shape and dimensions shown in the manufacturers molddrawings.8.2.2 Sum the calculated areas of all surfaces as determined from the me
41、asured dimensions of the test specimens taken beforethe beginning of testing.8.2.3 For rectangular-shaped specimens, calculate the total surface area prior to testing using the length, width and thicknessmeasurements in millemetres as determined in accordance with Test Method C140 Annex A4 with the
42、following formula:Surface areaAs!5Ls 3 Ws 1Ls 3 Ts 1Ws 3 Ts!523Ls 3 Ws 1Ts 3Ls 1Ws! (2)where:Ls = length of the specimen, mm,Ws = width of the specimen, mm, andTs = thickness of the specimen, mm.8.3 Calculate the mass loss to the nearest 1 g/m2 using the following equation:Mass loss ML!, g/m25Wr 3 1
43、,000 ,000!As (3)where:Wr = weight of collected residue (g) andAs = calculated surface area (mm2).8.4 The report shall include the following:8.4.1 Name of client and manufacturer;8.4.2 The date of manufacture and sampling;8.4.3 Plant or field sampling;8.4.4 The batch number;8.4.5 Identification of sp
44、ecimens and color;8.4.6 Dimensions and total surface area of the specimens and whether the dimensions were determined from the manufacturersmold drawings or by measurement;8.2.7 Dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.4.7 Cumulative mass lost by each specimen and the average results after 7, 28
45、, and 49 (if necessary) cycles or at the time oftermination of the test;8.4.8 Dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.4.9 The number of cycles at termination;8.4.10 A description of the damage suffered by the specimens, with photographs where possible; and8.4.11 Any deviations from this testing
46、 procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and bias data for this test method is not yet available.C1645/C1645M 15310. Keywords10.1 freeze-thaw durability; interlocking concrete paversSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last i
47、ssue(C1645/C1645M 09C1645/C1645M 11) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved(December Dec.15, 2011.)15, 2015)(1) RevisedModified 7.5.38.1, 8.2, and 8.3 to clarify when to stop the testing at 28 cycles or continue to 49 cycles.provide directionon determining mass loss.(2) Modified 7.5 to
48、provide additional direction on drying and measuring residue during testing.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validit
49、y of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
