1、Designation: C 1688/C 1688M 08Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1688/C 1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the density offreshly mixed pervious concrete and gives formulas for cal
3、cu-lating the void content of pervious concrete.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from th
4、e two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5、bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.4 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory information. These notesand footnot
6、es (excluding those in tables) shall not be consid-ered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 29/C 29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 127 Test Method for Densi
7、ty, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC 188 Test Method for Density of Hydra
8、ulic CementC 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC 595 Specificatio
9、n for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC 1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istic
10、s of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C 125.3.2 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3lb/ft3Ms= total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc= m
11、ass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm= mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete computed on an airfree basis,kg/m3lb/ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete, including en-trained and entrapped air voids in the cement paste.Vs= sum of
12、 the absolute volumes of the component ingredients in thebatch, m3ft3Vm= volume of the measure, m3ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is a laboratory determination, and isassumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical compo-nent ingredients and proportions. It is calculated from the fo
13、llowingequation:T 5MsVsThe total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of thecement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of
14、 SubcommitteeC09.49 on Pervious Concrete.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
15、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.coarse aggregate in the satur
16、ated-surface-dry condition, the mixing waterin the batch (includes free water from the aggregate), and any other solidor liquid materials used.The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of themass of that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density(specific gravity
17、) times the density of water (See Test Method C 29/C 29M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specificgravity) should be based on the saturated-surface-dry condition (asdetermined by Test Method C 127 for coarse aggregate and Test MethodC 128 for fine aggregate). For cements meeting
18、 Specification C 150,Specification C 595, and Specification C 1157, the relative density shouldbe determined by Test Method C 188, and is typically available from thecement manufacturer. A value of 3.15 may be used for Portland cementsmanufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C 150. The
19、relative density of supplementary cementitious materials should bedetermined as follows: for fly ash, use Test Methods C311; for silicafume, use Specification C 1240; and for slag cement, use SpecificationC 989.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed andconsolidate
20、d in a standard measure. The concrete is consoli-dated using a standard Proctor hammer. The density and voidcontent of the pervious concrete are calculated based on themeasured mass of the consolidated concrete specimen, thevolume of the measure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significan
21、ce and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for determiningthe density and void content of freshly mixed pervious con-crete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concretemixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maxi-mum size of 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fres
22、h density may be used as verificationof mixture proportions.5.4 The fresh density and void content calculated from thistest may differ from the in-place density and void content, andthis test shall not be used to determine in-place yield.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1
23、 lb orto within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at anypoint within the range of use. The range of use shall beconsidered to extend from the mass of the empty measure tothe mass of the measure filled with concrete having an assumeddensity of 2600 kg/m3160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor Ham
24、merAdevice used to compact apervious concrete sample that conforms to Test Method D 698.6.3 MeasureAcylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal (See Note 2) with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.256 0.02 ft3 and a diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times theheight. The measuring bowl of a Type
25、 B air meter conformingto Test Method C 231 meets the requirements for the measure.The volume of the measure shall be determined as described inTest Method C 29/C 29M. The top rim of the container shall beplane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cem
26、ent paste.However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, asa result of an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects themetal against further corrosion.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. feelergauge cannot be inserted between the rim and
27、 a piece of 6 mm 14-in. orthicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.4 Strike-Off PlateAflat rectangular metal plate at least 6mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in.greater than the diameter of the measur
28、e with which it is to beused. The edges of the plate shall be straight within a toleranceof2mm116 in.6.5 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount ofpervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle isrepresentative and small enough so that the concrete is notspilled during placement in the m
29、easure.7. Sampling7.1 Obtain the sample of freshly mixed pervious concrete onfield placements in accordance with Practice C 172.7.2 Obtain the sample of freshly mixed pervious concrete inlaboratory testing in accordance with Practice C 192/C 192M.7.3 The elapsed time between obtaining the first and
30、finalportions of the composite sample shall not exceed 15 min.7.3.1 Transport the individual samples to the place wherefresh concrete tests are to be performed. Combine and remixthe samples with a shovel the minimum amount necessary toensure uniformity and compliance with the maximum timelimits spec
31、ified in 7.3.2. Protect the composite sample from thesun, wind, and other sources of rapid evaporation.7.3.2 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtainingthe final portion of the composite sample.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free fromvibration. Moisten the ins
32、ide of the measure before placingpervious concrete. Remove any standing water from thebottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place thepervious concrete in the measure in two layers of approxi-mately equal depth using the scoop described in 6.5. Duringfilling of the measure, move the scoop
33、 around the perimeter ofthe opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete withminimal segregation. Drop the hammer 20 times per layer atthe full 305 mm 12 in. drop height. For each layer, distributethe position of the tamper so that the entire surface area of thepervious concrete in the mea
34、sure is consolidated equally.Before consolidating the final layer, fill the measure to over-flowing. After completion of consolidation, the measure mustcontain about 3 mm 14 in. of excess pervious concreteprotruding above the top of the measure. If after 10 hammerdrops to the final layer it appears
35、that there will be insufficientconcrete, add a small quantity of concrete to correct thedeficiency. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer it appearsthat there will be too much concrete in the measure, remove arepresentative portion of excess concrete with a trowel orscoop. Complete the consoli
36、dation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top sur-face of the concrete and finish it flat with the strike-off plate sothat the concrete surface is level with the top of the measure.Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on thetop surface of the m
37、easure to cover about two thirds of thesurface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion toC 1688/C 1688M 082strike off the area originally covered. Then place the plate onthe top of the measure to cover the same two thirds of thesurface and advance it with a vertical pressure and a sawingmotio
38、n to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue toadvance plate until it slides completely off the measure.Several final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate,which has been inclined to the top of the measure, will producea flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike
39、-off, clean excessconcrete from the exterior of the measure and determine themass of the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistentwith the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit Weight)Calculate the net mass of theconcrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from themass of
40、 the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate thedensity (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concreteby the volume of the measure, Vm, as follows:D 5Mc MmVm(1)9.2 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids asfollows:U 5T DT3 100 % (2)10. Precision and Bias10.1 Repeatability testing w
41、as performed by six laboratoriesusing pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and per-formed two replicate tests per batch. The range of density offresh pervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3109 to125 lb/ft3 (See Note 4).NOTE 4Round
42、 robin testing was performed using the following sixconsolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 5 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 10 times per layerASTM C29 Jigging-2 equal layers, 50 drops per layer as per TestMethod C 29/C 2
43、9MASTM C138 Rodding Method-2 equal layers, 25 times per layerNo Consolidation-Fill the empty unit weight bucket.Of the six consolidation methods evaluated, the method using the ProctorHammer produced a high degree of repeatability, employed a straightfor-ward process, and was not physically demandin
44、g due to the lower weightsas compared to the Marshall Hammer.10.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of density offreshly mixed pervious concrete has been found to be 22kg/m31.4 lb/ft3.10.1.2 The multi-operator standard deviation has not beendeveloped.10.2 This test method has no bias because
45、the density ofpervious concrete is defined only in terms of this test method.11. Keywords11.1 density; fresh concrete; pervious concrete; Proctorhammer; void contentASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
46、 standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
47、reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespo
48、nsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
49、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1688/C 1688M 083
